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Tables of Contents for Probabilistic Design Tools for Vertical Breakwaters
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
A Guide to This Book
1
2
Chapter 1
3
58
General Background, Opportunity and Motivations
3
7
General background and opportunity
3
2
Motivations and Position of the Design Problem
5
1
Motivations for Monolithic Coastal Structures/Breakwaters
5
1
Motivations for Probabilistic Design Methods
6
1
Position of the Design Problem
7
3
Brief Presentation of Proverbs
10
11
Objectives
10
1
Research Issues
10
2
Research Strategy and Development Procedure for Probabilistic Design Tools
12
1
Overall Strategy
12
1
Development Procedure for Probabilistic Tools
13
6
Development Procedure for Partial Safety Factor System (Level I)
19
1
Representative Example Structures for Application
19
2
Key Results and Their Practical Importance
21
40
Hydrodynamic Aspects (Task 1)
21
2
Parameter map for wave load classification
23
2
New formulae to predict impact loading
25
2
Effect entrained/entrapped air on scaling impact loads
27
1
Effect of caisson length, wave obliquity and short-crestedness on impact forces
27
1
Seaward impact forces induced by wave overtopping
28
1
Artificial neural network modelling of wave force
29
1
New prediction formulae for pulsating wave forces on perforated caisson breakwaters
29
3
New wave load formulae for crown walls
32
1
Development of wave load formulae for High Mound Composite Breakwaters
33
2
Geotechnical Aspects (Task 2)
35
1
Data base for design soil parameters
35
3
Engineering ``dynamic models''
38
2
Instantaneous pore pressures
40
1
Degradation and residual pore pressures
41
1
Limit state equations
42
1
Uncertainties
42
1
Influence of design parameters on failure modes
42
1
Structural Aspects (Task 3)
43
1
Analysis of existing codes
44
1
Pre-service failure modes
44
2
Loads for in-service conditions
46
1
In-service structural failure modes
47
1
Hierarchy of refined models
48
1
Durability of reinforced concrete members
48
1
Probabilistic Design Tools (Task 4)
48
7
Toward probabilistic risk analysis and management
55
6
Chapter 2
61
96
Introduction
61
6
Objectives of Task 1
61
1
Technical progress
62
1
Outline of deterministic design procedure
62
1
Step 1: Identification of main geometric and wave parameters
63
1
Step 2: First estimate of wave force / mean pressure over wall height
64
1
Step 3: Improve calculation of horizontal and up-lift forces
64
1
Step 4: Revise estimates of caisson size
65
1
Step 5: Identify loading case using parameter map
65
1
Step 6: Initial calculation of impact force
65
1
Step 7: Estimate percentage of breaking waves leading to impacts Pi%
66
1
Step 8: Estimate impact force using Oumeraci & Kortenhaus' method
66
1
Step 9: Estimate impact rise time and duration
66
1
Step 10: Estimate uplift forces under impacts
66
1
Step 11: Scale corrections
67
1
Step 12: Pressure distributions
67
1
Waves at the Structure
67
15
Wave conditions at the structure
67
5
Near-shore wave transformation
72
1
Depth-limited breaking
73
2
Use of parameter map
75
3
Estimation of proportion of impacts
78
4
Hydraulic Responses
82
5
Wave transmission over caissons
82
2
Wave overtopping discharges
84
1
Wave reflections
84
1
Vertical breakwaters and seawalls
84
1
Perforated structures
84
3
Pulsating Wave Loads
87
11
Horizontal and vertical forces / pressures
87
1
Seaward or negative forces
88
1
Sainflou's prediction method
89
1
Probabilistic design approach for negative forces
90
1
Deterministic design approach for negative forces
91
1
Effects of 3-d wave attack on pulsating loads
92
1
Uncertainties and scale corrections
92
1
Uncertainties
92
1
Scaling
93
1
Use of numerical models
94
1
Pressures on berms
95
3
Wave Impact Loads
98
22
Horizontal and vertical forces / pressures
98
1
Horizontal force and rise time
99
2
Vertical pressure distribution
101
3
Uplift force
104
1
Uplift pressure distribution
104
1
Effect of aeration
105
1
Seaward impact forces
106
1
Physical Model Tests
107
1
Numerical Model Tests
107
1
Initial guidance
108
2
Effects of 3-d wave attack on impact loadings
110
1
Horizontal forces
110
1
Variability of impact forces along the breakwater
110
1
Effect of caisson length
111
2
Uncertainties and scale corrections
113
1
Uncertainties
113
1
Scale corrections
113
2
Use of numerical models
115
1
Pressures on berms
116
3
Pressure-impulse modelling
119
1
Broken Wave Loads
120
11
Strongly depth-limited waves
120
2
Wave loads on crown walls
122
1
Impact pressures
123
2
Pulsating pressures
125
1
Uplift pressures
126
1
Wave loads on caisson on high mounds
127
1
Critical wave heights
128
1
Critical wave pressures
128
1
Pressures and resultant force for non breaking waves
129
1
Pressures and resultant force for breaking waves
130
1
Pressures and resultant force for broken waves
130
1
Uplift forces
130
1
Field Measurements and Database
131
3
Dieppe
131
1
Porto Torres
131
1
Las Palmas
131
1
Gijon
131
1
Alderney
132
1
Field measurement database
133
1
Definition of database parameters
133
1
Alternative Low Reflection Structures
134
23
Perforated vertical walls
134
1
Introduction
134
1
Prototype measurements
135
2
Model tests
137
2
Methods to predict forces for perforated caissons
139
8
Other types of caissons
147
1
Physics of damping
148
1
Analysis in time domain
148
2
Statistical analysis
150
7
Chapter 3
157
68
Introduction
157
1
Guidelines for Modelling
158
5
Geotechnical failure modes
158
3
Relevant phenomena
161
1
Framework of analysis
162
1
Soil Investigations and Soil Parameters
163
10
Strategy for soil investigations
163
1
Seismic profiling
164
1
Interpretation of CPTU tests
164
3
Borings, soil sampling and sample testing
167
1
Borings and soil sampling
167
1
Soil classification from soil samples
167
1
Specific tests on soil samples
167
1
Character of soil parameters
168
1
Relationship between soil investigations and soil parameters
168
1
Soil types
168
1
Importance of density, stress level and stress history
168
1
Permeability
169
1
Stiffness
170
1
Virgin loading
170
1
Unloading/reloading: elastic parameters
170
1
Strength
171
1
Non-cohesive soils
171
1
Cohesive soils
172
1
Dynamics
173
11
Concept of equivalent stationary load
173
2
Basic assumptions of mass-spring(-dashpot) model
175
3
Prediction of natural periods
178
3
Prediction of dynamic response factor
181
2
Inertia with plastic deformation
183
1
Instantaneous Pore Pressures and Uplift Forces
184
9
Relevant phenomena
184
1
Quasi-stationary flow in the rubble foundation
185
2
Uplift force, downward force and seepage force in rubble foundation
187
1
Non-stationary flow in rubble foundation
188
2
Instantaneous pore pressures in sandy or silty subsoil
190
1
Relevance of drainage distance
190
1
Drained region
190
1
Undrained region
191
2
Degradation and Residual Pore Pressures
193
3
Relevant phenomena in subsoil
193
1
Sandy subsoils
194
1
Clayey subsoils
195
1
Limit State Equations and Other Calculation Methods for Stability and Deformation
196
8
Schematisation of loads during wave crest
196
3
Limit state equations for main failure (sub)modes during wave crest
199
2
Seaward failure during wave trough
201
1
More sophisticated methods
201
1
More sophisticated limit state equations
201
1
Sliding circle analysis according to Bishop
201
1
Finite element models
202
1
Centrifuge model tests
202
1
Analysis of unacceptable deformation after several load cycles
202
1
Three-dimensional rupture surfaces
203
1
Uncertainties
204
5
Survey of uncertainties
204
2
Uncertainties about soil parameters
206
1
Model uncertainties
207
2
Influence of Design Parameters
209
6
General
209
1
Vertical breakwater on thin bedding layer and coarse grained subsoil with pulsating wave loads
209
1
Input, analysis and output of performed investigation
209
1
Less relevant load-case/failure-mode combinations
210
2
Important load-case/failure-mode combinations
212
3
Effects with other breakwater types
215
1
Effect of a high rubble foundation
215
1
The effect of wave impacts
215
1
The effect of fine grained subsoil
215
1
Possibilities for Design Improvements
215
10
Variation of design parameters if rubble foundation is present
215
1
Increase the mass of the wall
215
1
Increase or decrease weight eccentricity ec
216
1
Reduction of wall volume below still water level
216
1
Enlargement of Bc
216
1
Enlarging the rubble foundation
216
1
Connecting caissons to each other
217
1
Soil replacement or soil improvement
217
1
Prolongation of seepage path in rubble foundation
217
1
Caisson foundation directly on sand
218
1
Skirts to improve foundation capacity in clayey soils
218
7
Chapter 4
225
36
Introduction
225
2
Background
225
1
Design sequence
226
1
Generic Types of Reinforced Concrete Caissons
227
2
Planar rectangular multi-celled caissons
227
1
Perforated rectangular multi-celled caissons
228
1
Circular-fronted caissons
228
1
Alternative designs
229
1
Loads Acting on the Caisson
229
1
Geomechanical Factors Relevant to the Structural Response
229
2
Characteristics of the ballast fill in caisson cells
230
1
Characteristics of rubble foundation and sub-soil
230
1
Unevenness of the foundation
231
1
Hydraulic Data Required to Design a Reinforced Concrete Caisson
231
2
Pressure distribution on front face
231
1
Uplift pressure distribution on base slab
232
1
Over-pressure on top slab and super-structure
232
1
Failure Modes Associated with Pre-Service and In-service Conditions
233
3
Pre-service states
233
1
In-service states
234
2
The Need for a New Integrated Design Code
236
5
Design standards relevant to reinforced concrete caissons
236
1
Scope of selected codes
237
1
Comparisons between design codes
237
2
Suggested features for a possible new unified design code
239
2
Simplified Limit State Equations
241
7
Identification of structural idealisations
241
1
Simplified beam and slab analogies and associated limit state equations
242
3
Limit State Equations
245
1
ULS for flexural failure of a reinforced concrete member
245
2
ULS for shear failure of a reinforced concrete member
247
1
Cracking in a flexural reinforced concrete member
247
1
Chloride penetration and corrosion in reinforced concrete elements
247
1
Uncertainties Attributed to the LS Equations: More Refined Structural Models
248
10
Simple 3-degree-of-freedom dynamic model
248
3
Layered shell non-linear FE models
251
2
Full 3-dimensional continuum FE models
253
3
Dynamic fluid-soil-structure interaction
256
1
Modelling the dynamic far-field
257
1
Quantifying the uncertainties
257
1
Construction Issues
258
3
Chapter 5
261
60
Introduction
261
1
General Introduction of Probabilistic Methods
262
28
Introduction
262
1
Limit state equations and uncertainties
262
1
The concept of limit states
262
2
Uncertainties related to the limit state formulation
264
1
Reliability analysis on level II and III
265
1
Introduction
265
1
Direct integration methods (Level III)
266
2
Approximating methods (Level II)
268
3
Fault tree analysis
271
1
General system analysis by fault tree
271
1
Calculation of system probability of failure
272
1
Introduction
272
1
Direct integration methods for systems
273
1
Approximating methods for systems
274
1
Choice of safety level
275
2
Reliability based design procedures
277
1
General formulation of reliability based optimal design
277
2
Cost optimisation
279
5
Partial Safety Factor System
284
6
Probabilistic Methods Applied to Vertical Breakwaters in General
290
4
Fault tree for a vertical breakwater
290
1
Specific limit states for vertical breakwaters
290
1
Introduction
290
2
Loading of the breakwater
292
1
Serviceability limit states related to performance of the breakwater
292
1
Foundation limit states
293
1
Structural limit states
293
1
Case Studies
294
23
General
294
1
Genoa Voltri (Italy)
294
1
The case
294
1
Wave forces
295
1
Failure functions
296
1
Variable statistics
297
2
Model uncertainties
299
2
System failure probability
301
1
Sensitivity analysis
302
1
Effect of breaking
303
1
Conclusions
303
1
Easchel breakwater
303
1
Introduction
303
1
Breakwater geometry and boundary conditions
304
2
Inshore wave climate
306
1
Loading of the structure
306
1
Influence of the breakwater geometry on the probability of caisson instability
307
2
Comparison of model combinations for pulsating wave forces
309
1
The influence of impact loading
310
1
Reliability analysis of geotechnical failure models for the Mutsu-Ogawara West breakwater
311
1
Introduction
311
1
Stochastic models
312
3
Reliability analysis
315
2
Perspectives
317
4
Durability
317
1
Impacts
317
1
Construction
317
1
Reflection
318
1
Shear keys
318
3
Chapter 6
321
10
Hydraulic Aspects
321
2
Geotechnical Aspects
323
2
Structural Aspects
325
2
Probabilistic Aspects
327
4
Annex 1
331
26
Annex 2
357
6
Annex 3
363
3
Annex 4
366
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