search for books and compare prices
Tables of Contents for Customs and Trade Laws of the European Community
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables
xiii
2
Table of Legislation
xv
38
Preface
liii
2
Acknowledgements
lv
2
List of Abbreviations
lvii
1. The European Community's Trade Policy and Its Determinants
1
45
Introduction
1
1
1.1 The European Community in the Field of Trade
1
2
1.2 The Voting System for Matters of Common Commercial Policy
3
2
1.3 The Determinants of EC Trade Policy
5
10
1.3.1 The customs union
5
1
1.3.2 The internal market: free circulation of goods originating in EC Member States
6
3
1.3.3 The internal market: free circulation of goods originating in third countries put into free circulation in the Community
9
2
1.3.4 The external dimension of the customs union: the Common Commercial Policy
11
2
1.3.5 Goods originating in third countries put into free circulation in the Community: the need for an effective Common Commercial Policy
13
2
1.4 Instruments and Secondary Legislation Regulating the Common Commercial Policy: Autonomous Regime
15
31
1.4.1 Non-preferential tariffs
15
3
1.4.2 The import regime
18
1
1.4.2.1 Common rules for imports
18
8
1.4.2.2 Imports from state-trading countries and China
26
5
1.4.2.3 Imports of textile products
31
15
2. Trade Agreements
46
90
Introduction
46
7
2.1 The Europe Agreements, and Partnership and Cooperation Agreements with CIS countries
53
11
2.1.1 The Europe Agreements
55
1
2.1.2 Free movement of goods
56
2
2.1.3 Movement of workers, establishment and supply of services
58
1
2.1.3.1 Movement of workers
58
1
2.1.3.2 Establishment
59
1
2.1.3.3 Supply of services
60
1
2.1.4 Competition
61
1
2.1.4.1 The Partnership and Cooperation Agreements with the CIS countries
62
2
2.2 The Mediterranean Agreements
64
3
2.2.1 The general framework of the Agreements
65
1
2.2.2 Major common amendments to the Mediterranean Agreements (1978-1994)
66
1
2.3 The New European Union Mediterranean Policy
67
1
2.4 The Framework of the New Partnership
68
6
2.4.1 General
68
1
2.4.2 The standard format
69
1
2.4.2.1 Industrial products
69
1
2.4.2.2 Agricultural products
70
1
2.4.2.3 Safeguard clause and common provisions
71
1
2.4.2.4 The Association Council
72
1
2.4.2.5 Services
72
2
2.5 The Lome IV Convention
74
13
2.5.1 Institutions
76
1
2.5.2 Trade provisions
77
1
2.5.2.1 Agricultural products
77
1
2.5.2.2 Depth of tariff cut for products covered by the Common Agricultural Policy
78
1
2.5.2.3 Products not covered by the Common Agricultural Policy
78
1
2.5.2.4 Industrial products
78
1
2.5.2.5 Safeguards and a priori limitations, and their mechanisms
78
1
2.5.2.6 The protocols
79
2
2.5.3 Recent negotiations
81
1
2.5.4 The future of the Lome Convention IV in the WTO context
81
3
2.5.4.1 First option (status quo)
84
1
2.5.4.2 Second option (GSP of the EC)
84
1
2.5.4.3 Third option (uniform reciprocity)
84
1
2.5.4.4 Fourth option (differentiated reciprocity)
85
1
2.5.4.5 Fifth option (differentiation under a single framework)
86
1
2.5.4.6 Sixth option (differentiation leading to a variety of arrangements)
86
1
2.5.5 Conclusion
86
1
2.6 The EC GSP: the Unilateral Approach
87
6
2.6.1 The EC's new GSP scheme
88
5
2.7 EC Rules of Origin under Trade Agreements with Third Countries and the EC GSP
93
8
2.7.1 General
93
2
2.7.2 Origin criterion
95
1
2.7.2.1 Products wholly obtained
95
1
2.7.2.2 Products manufactured wholly or partly from imported materials, parts or components
96
1
2.7.2.3 Insufficient working or processing
97
1
2.7.3 Consignment conditions
98
1
2.7.4 Documentary evidence
99
1
2.7.4.1 Retrospective EUR. 1 form
99
1
2.7.4.2 Duplicate EUR. 1 form
100
1
2.7.4.3 Validity of form EUR. 1
100
1
2.7.4.4 Exemptions from proof of origin
100
1
2.7.4.5 Verifications of movement certificate EUR 1
100
1
2.8 Differences in the Specific Requirements of the Working or Processing to Confer Originating Status on Non-originating Inputs among the Various Trade Agreements
101
8
2.9 Differences in Cumulative Rules of Origin Granted under the Different Trade Arrangements
109
27
2.9.1 The GSP rules of origin for regional cumulation
110
1
2.9.2 Lome IV Convention
111
3
2.9.3 The derogation procedure under the Lome Convention and the GSP scheme
114
6
2.9.4 Regional cumulation in the first and second generation of Mediterranean Agreements and in the European Agreements, including changes introduced by the pan-European rules of origin
120
2
2.9.5 Differences in explanatory notes, issuance of certificate of origin and methods of administrative cooperation
122
1
2.9.5.1 Explanatory notes
122
1
2.9.5.2 Issuance of certificate of origin and methods of administrative cooperation
123
1
2.9.5.3 Issuance of certificate of origin for cumulation
124
3
2.9.5.4 Simplified procedures for issuance of the certificate of origin
127
1
2.9.5.5 The new EC policy on preferential rules of origin: the progress of the pan-European rules of origin
128
8
3. Major Customs Laws
136
57
Introduction
136
1
3.1 Customs Classification
136
30
3.1.1 Combined nomenclature
137
1
3.1.2 TARIC
138
1
3.1.3 General rules for interpretation of the CN
139
1
3.1.3.1 Rule 1 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN
139
1
3.1.3.2 Taste; visibility to the naked eye
140
1
3.1.3.3 (Intended) use
140
2
3.1.3.4 Method of production
142
1
3.1.3.5 Precedence of rule 1 over other rules
143
1
3.1.3.6 Objective criteria
143
4
3.1.3.7 Subjective and indeterminate criteria
147
1
3.1.3.8 Technological or similar developments
148
1
3.1.3.9 Heading involving duty-free importation
149
1
3.1.3.10 Chapter 99 exemptions
149
1
3.1.3.11 Temporary duty suspensions
149
1
3.1.3.12 GSP
150
1
3.1.3.13 Rule 2 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN
150
6
3.1.3.14 Rule 3 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN
156
6
3.1.3.15 Rule 4 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN
162
1
3.1.3.16 Rule 5 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN
162
1
3.1.3.17 Rule 6 of the general rules for the interpretation of the CN
163
1
3.1.3.18 Advance ruling procedure
163
3
3.2 Customs Valuation
166
5
3.2.1 Transaction value
167
3
3.2.2 Rejection of transaction value
170
1
3.2.3 Alternative methods
170
1
3.3 Declaration of Particulars
171
1
3.4 Transfer Pricing
172
2
3.5 Non-preferential Rules of Origin
174
12
3.5.1 Non-preferential Origin Rules
175
2
3.5.1.1 Assembly products
177
8
3.5.2 Textiles
185
1
3.6 Preferential Rules of Origin (GSP)
186
1
3.7 GSP and Non-preferential Origin Compared
187
1
3.8 Advance Ruling Procedure
188
2
3.9 Sanctions for Violations of Customs Laws
190
3
4. EC Contingency Protection Laws: TBR and Countervailing Duties
193
18
Introduction
193
1
4.1 Trade Barriers Regulation
194
4
4.2 Anti-subsidy Action
198
13
4.2.1 Definition of a subsidy
199
1
4.2.2 Specificity and countervailability
200
2
4.2.3 Green light subsidies
202
2
4.2.4 Calculation of the amount of countervailable subsidy
204
2
4.2.5 Slightly different procedures
206
1
4.2.6 Developing countries
206
2
4.2.7 EC practice
208
1
4.2.8 SCM Agreement
209
2
5. Anti-dumping
211
79
Introduction
211
1
5.1 Procedural Anti-dumping Law
211
3
5.1.1 Administering authorities
211
1
5.1.1.1 Commission
212
1
5.1.1.2 Advisory Committee
212
1
5.1.1.3 Council of Ministers
213
1
5.2 Complaint and Initiation
214
5
5.2.1 On behalf of a Community industry/standing
215
5.2.1.1 Complaint
214
5.2.1.2 Community industry
215
1
5.2.1.3 Standing determination
216
1
5.2.2 Confidentiality of the complaint
216
1
5.2.3 Initiation
216
1
5.2.4 Self-initiation
217
1
5.2.5 Proceeding versus investigation
217
1
5.2.6 Deadlines
217
1
5.3 Investigation Techniques
219
9
5.3.1 Interested parties
219
1
5.3.2 Questionnaires
219
2
5.3.2.1 Non-confidential version of the questionnaire response
221
1
5.3.2.2 Deadline for the questionnaire response
221
1
5.3.2.3 Related parties
221
1
5.3.3 Investigation periods
222
1
5.3.4 Verifications
223
1
5.3.5 Best information available
224
1
5.3.6 Procedural safeguards
224
1
5.3.6.1 Confidentiality of information
225
1
5.3.6.2 Access to the file and possibility of commenting
225
1
5.3.6.3 Hearings
226
1
5.3.6.4 Confrontation meetings
226
1
5.3.6.5 Explanation of essential facts and considerations: pre-disclosure, provisional disclosure and final disclosure
227
1
5.3.7 Sampling of producers
228
1
5.4 No Protective Action
228
1
5.5 Community Interests
229
2
5.5.1 Suspension of protective measures
230
1
5.6 Review Possibilities
231
3
5.6.1 Interim review
232
1
5.6.2 Newcomer review
232
1
5.6.3 Expiry review
233
1
5.7 Refunds
234
1
5.8 Determination of Dumping
235
18
5.8.1 Export price
235
1
5.8.1.1 Middlemen/trading houses
236
1
5.8.1.2 Construction of the export price
237
1
5.8.1.3 When will the export price be constructed?
237
1
5.8.1.4 Which costs will be deducted?
238
1
5.8.1.5 Which profit will be deducted?
239
1
5.8.2 Normal value
239
1
5.8.2.1 Home market sales
239
4
5.8.3 No, insufficient or unreliable sales in the home market
243
1
5.8.3.1 Third country exports
243
1
5.8.3.2 Constructed value
244
4
5.8.4 Sales below cost of production
248
1
5.8.4.1 Conditions
248
1
5.8.4.2 Calculation of normal value
249
1
5.8.5 NME normal value
249
3
5.8.5.1 NME one country-one duty rule
252
1
5.9 Adjustments (netting back)
253
7
5.9.1 Differences in physical characteristics
255
1
5.9.2 Import charges and indirect taxes
255
1
5.9.3 Discounts, rebates and quantities
256
1
5.9.4 Level of trade
256
1
5.9.4.1 Original equipment manufacturer sales
257
1
5.9.5 Transport, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary costs
258
1
5.9.6 Packing
259
1
5.9.7 Credit
259
1
5.9.8 After-sales costs
259
1
5.9.9 Commissions
260
1
5.9.10 Other factors
260
1
5.10 Comparison
260
3
5.10.1 Currency conversions
261
1
5.10.2 Negative dumping
262
1
5.10.3 Sale and date of sale
262
1
5.11 Dumping Margin
263
2
5.11.1 Examples of dumping margin calculations
263
2
5.12 Sampling of Types of Products or Transactions
265
1
5.13 The Determination of Injury
266
1
5.13.1 Like product
266
1
5.13.2 Domestic industry
267
1
5.13.2.1 The standard situation
267
1
5.14 Material injury
267
3
5.14.1 Material injury sensu stricto
268
1
5.14.1.1 Volume of dumped imports
268
1
5.14.1.2 Prices of dumped imports
268
1
5.14.1.3 Impact of dumped imports on the Community industry
269
1
5.14.2 Threat of material injury
269
1
5.15 Causation
270
1
5.15.1 General
270
1
5.15.2 Cumulation
271
1
5.15.3 Decumulation
271
1
5.16 Injury Margins
271
3
5.16.1 Price undercutting method
272
1
5.16.2 Price underselling method: target prices
272
1
5.16.3 Which cost of production?
272
1
5.16.4 Which profit?
273
1
5.16.5 Global, individual or semi-individual injury margins
274
1
5.17 Protective Measures
274
4
5.17.1 Undertakings
274
1
5.17.1.1 General
274
2
5.17.1.2 Refusal to accept undertakings
276
1
5.17.2 Main contents of price undertakings
276
1
5.17.3 Quantitative restrictions
277
1
5.17.4 Other forms of export restraints
277
1
5.17.5 Newcomers
277
1
5.17.6 Violation of or withdrawal from undertakings
278
1
5.18 Anti-dumping Duties
278
5
5.18.1 General
278
1
5.18.2 Scope; product definition
279
1
5.18.3 Cumulation, anti-dumping duties and quantitative restrictions
280
1
5.18.4 Form of the duty
280
1
5.18.5 Residual duty
281
1
5.18.6 Collection of anti-dumping duties
281
1
5.18.7 Inward processing
282
1
5.18.8 Product exclusion after publication
282
1
5.18.9 Provisional anti-dumping duties
282
1
5.18.10 Definitive anti-dumping duties
283
1
5.18.11 Definitive collection of provisional duties
283
1
5.19 Retroactive Application of Anti-dumping Duties; Registration Procedure
283
1
5.20 Anti-circumvention Rules
284
3
5.20.1 Importing and third country circumvention
285
1
5.20.1.1 Procedure
286
1
5.20.1.2 Substantive concepts
287
1
5.21 Input Dumping
287
1
5.22 Slightly Altered Merchandise
288
1
5.23 Obligation to Pass on Anti-dumping Duties to Consumers; Anti-absorption Duties
288
2
6. Judicial Review Available to Private Parties
290
23
Introduction
290
1
6.1 Action Available to Importers
290
5
6.2 Direct Imports
295
6
6.2.1 Actions brought under EC Treaty provisions
296
2
6.2.2 Actions relying on multilateral and bilateral agreements
298
3
6.3 Intra-Community Trade
301
3
6.4 Customs Classification
304
1
6.5 Customs Valuation
305
1
6.6 Rules of Origin
306
4
6.7 Action on Import Licence
310
3
Index
313