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Tables of Contents for Modelling the Legal Decision Process for Information Technology Applications in Law
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Dedication
v
4
Table of Contents
ix
6
List of Figures
xv
1
List of Tables
xvi
1
Preface
xvii
6
Acknowledgements
xxiii
0. PROLEGOMENON
1
20
0.1 INTRODUCTION
1
3
0.1.1 The Background of the Ph.D. Research
1
2
0.1.2 A Profile of this Book
3
1
0.2 THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEM
4
2
0.3 THE HISTORY
6
2
0.4 THE TERMINOLOGY
8
5
0.4.1 The T-Term: Information Technology and the Law
9
2
0.4.2 The T1-Term: Information Technology Law
11
1
0.4.3 The T2-Term: Information Technology Applications In Law
11
2
0.5 THE DISCIPLINE
13
7
0.5.1 The Creation of the Paradigm
13
2
0.5.2 Information Technology and the Law as a Discipline
15
2
0.5.3 The Interdisciplinary Environment
17
1
0.5.4 The Basis, the Boundaries, the Structure
18
2
0.6 CONCLUSION TO PROLEGOMENON
20
1
1. MODELLING THE LEGAL DECISION PROCESS
21
104
1.1 INTRODUCTION
21
12
1.1.1 Initial Background
21
1
1.1.2 Field Research
22
3
1.1.3 The Generation of the Need for a Model
25
1
1.1.4 Research in Legal Information Systems
26
2
1.1.5 Research in Artificial Intelligence and Law
28
2
1.1.6 The Aims of the Modelling
30
3
1.2 DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS
33
8
1.2.1 Lawyer
33
4
1.2.2 Client
37
1
1.2.3 Norms, Legal Problem and Legal Reasoning
38
2
1.2.4 Legal Decision
40
1
1.3 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES
41
19
1.3.1 The Rule of Integration
41
2
1.3.2 The Rule of the Legal System
43
4
1.3.3 The Rule of Practicality
47
2
1.3.4 The Rule of Content
49
1
1.3.5 The Rule of Checklist
50
1
1.3.6 The Rule of Rule-Based Deduction
51
4
1.3.7 The Rule of Oscillation and Legal Problem Solving
55
5
1.4 THE INPUT OF THE PROCESS
60
10
1.4.1 The Input: Human Behaviour
63
1
1.4.2 The Input: Socially Related Facts
64
3
1.4.3 The Input: Real Facts and Legal Facts
67
1
1.4.4 The Input: Language Dependent Facts
68
2
1.5 INITIATING LEGAL THOUGHTS
70
1
1.6 THE PRE-PROCESS
71
11
1.6.1 The Search for Relevant and Sufficient Facts
72
2
1.6.2 Disqualifying Facts
74
1
1.6.3 The Selection of the Branch of Law and of the Course of Argument
75
3
1.6.4 The Effect of Background Knowledge
78
2
1.6.5 The First Decision and the Question of `Easy Cases'
80
2
1.7 INTERPRETATION
82
21
1.7.1 Decoding the Meaning of Words and Legal Linguistics
83
4
1.7.2 The Core Problem of Interpretation
87
3
1.7.3 The General Rules of Interpretation
90
1
1.7.4 A General Condition: Sufficient Interpretation
91
1
1.7.5 The Classical Phases of Interpretation
92
4
1.7.6 Reasoning with Rules and The Legal Syllogism
96
4
1.7.7 The Search for Legal Sources
100
3
1.8 THE CREATION OF THE LEGAL SUBSYSTEM
103
11
1.8.1 The Doctrine of Valid Legal Sources
104
4
1.8.2 Heuristic and Empirical Legal Knowledge
108
2
1.8.3 Social Knowledge Repercussions
110
1
1.8.4 Individuation -- The Legal Subsystem
111
3
1.9 THE OUTPUT: THE LEGAL DECISION
114
3
1.9.1 Drafting Final Legal Arguments
114
1
1.9.2 The Output: Socially Related Result
115
1
1.9.3 Issuing the Legal Decision
116
1
1.10 SYNTHESIS OF A MODEL -- CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 1
117
4
ADDENDUM TO CHAPTER 1
121
4
2. APPLYING THE MODEL TO THE CREATION OF LEGAL EXPERT SYSTEMS
125
48
2.1 INTRODUCTION
125
1
2.2 PARTICULAR TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS
126
13
2.2.1 General Prerequisites of an Expert System
128
2
2.2.2 Knowledge Representation -- The Knowledge Base
130
2
2.2.3 The Inference Engine
132
3
2.2.4 PROLOG v. Shells
135
1
2.2.5 The User Interface
136
1
2.2.6 Hypertext
137
2
2.3 PLACING EXPERT SYSTEMS INTO THE MODEL
139
13
2.3.1 Possible Points of Insertion of Expert Systems
139
2
2.3.2 For Legal Reasoning
141
4
2.3.3 For Information Retrieval
145
3
2.3.4 For Legal Office Automation
148
1
2.3.5 For Legal Education
149
1
2.3.6 The Information Crisis of Legal Decision Making
150
2
2.4 IMPLEMENTING EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR LEGAL REASONING: SPECIFIC PROBLEMS
152
18
2.4.1 Enigma I: What Legal Knowledge for a Knowledge Base?
153
2
2.4.2 Enigma II: Knowledge Acquisition
155
3
2.4.3 Anathema I: The Scientist's Perception of Law
158
3
2.4.4 Anathema II: The Linguist's Perception of Law
161
4
2.4.5 Exegesis: How to Create and Use Legal Expert Systems
165
5
2.5 LAWYER'S BASIC INSTINCT -- CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 2
170
3
3. EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
173
70
3.1 INTRODUCTION
173
1
3.2 THE PROJECT'S HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
174
12
3.2.1 General Description
174
1
3.2.2 The Project's Objectives
175
3
3.2.3 The Project's Workplan
178
3
3.2.4 Criticism
181
2
3.2.5 The Research Team
183
3
3.3 THE PROJECT'S INTERNAL ELEMENTS
186
15
3.3.1 The Theoretical System Architecture
186
2
3.3.2 SOWA'S Conceptual Graphs
188
6
3.3.3 The ILAM Module Architecture
194
4
3.3.4 The Law Chosen for Processing
198
1
3.3.5 The ILAM Knowledge Representation
199
2
3.4 THE PUZZLE OF THE N-A PROTOTYPE
201
5
3.4.1 Justifying the Creation of an Expert System
201
1
3.4.2 Methodologies for Building a Legal Expert System
202
2
3.4.3 Three Inherent Difficulties
204
2
3.5 SOLVING THE PUZZLE I: THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS
206
6
3.5.1 Peculiarities of the ILAM Output
207
1
3.5.2 Mapping Conceptual Graphs to Production Rules
208
4
3.6 SOLVING THE PUZZLE II: THE ANALYSIS
212
11
3.6.1 Feasibility Analysis and Scoping
212
1
3.6.2 Data Collection
213
2
3.6.3 The General Organisation of the Italian VAT Law
215
2
3.6.4 Legal Knowledge Structuring for the Nomos-Advisor Environment
217
1
3.6.5 Goal Definition for the N-A Prototype
218
1
3.6.6 Graphical Representation
219
4
3.7 SOLVING THE PUZZLE III: LINKING TO THE `MISSING KNOWLEDGE'
223
15
3.7.1 `Missing' Information
223
2
3.7.2 The Hypertext Link
225
3
3.7.3 `Missing' Inference Control Information
228
2
3.7.4 The Problem of `exceptions' to Article 7
230
3
3.7.5 User Interface
233
1
3.7.6 Generating the Question Texts
234
2
3.7.7 Testing and Evaluation
236
2
3.8 CONCLUSIONS -- CHAPTER 3
238
5
3.8.1 Conclusions from the N-A Implementation
238
2
3.8.2 Overall estimations for the Nomos project
240
3
4. SYNTHESIS -- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
243
14
4.1 THE EMPIRICAL INPUT
243
2
4.2 THE THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL
245
6
4.2.1 Methodological Tools
245
1
4.2.2 Methodological Limitations
245
3
4.2.3 The Role of the Input/Output Endings of the Model
248
1
4.2.4 The Role of the Pre-Process of the Model
249
1
4.2.5 The Role of Interpretation
249
1
4.2.6 The Role of the Search for Legal Sources
250
1
4.3 FROM THE GENERAL MODEL TO SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
251
2
4.4 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
253
3
4.4.1 On the Micro Level of the N-A Prototype
253
1
4.4.2 On the Level of Expert Systems
253
1
4.4.3 On the Level of Information Technology Applications in Law
254
2
4.5 THE STATUS OF THE MODEL
256
1
EPILOGUE
257
6
APPENDICES
263
36
APPENDIX I: THE ILAM OUTPUT IN ASCII FORMAT
263
20
APPENDIX II: THE N-A KNOWLEDGE BASE
283
10
APPENDIX III: ARTICLE 7 OF THE ITALIAN VAT LAW
293
4
APPENDIX IV: SAMPLE SESSIONS WITH THE N-A PROTOTYPE
297
2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
299
34
MONOGRAPHS & COLLECTIONS
299
8
ARTICLES
307
22
SPECIAL REFERENCES FOR THE N-A PROTOTYPE
329
4
INDEX
333
6
ABSTRACT
339