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Tables of Contents for Machine Interpretation of Line Drawing Images
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
The Line Drawing Interpretation Problem
1
20
Motivation
1
5
Manual Input vs Document Scanning
6
2
Raster-Based vs Vector Representations
8
1
The Interpretation Problem
9
1
Engineering Drawings and Maps
10
3
Line Drawing Interpretation, Image Understanding and Pattern Recognition
13
2
Current Line Drawing Interpretation Systems
15
4
Commercial Systems
15
1
Laboratory Systems
16
3
The Line Drawing Interpretation Literature
19
2
Components of a Line Drawing Interpretation System
21
24
Design Criteria for Drawing Interpretation Systems
21
3
Five Stages of Line Drawing Interpretation
24
3
Intermediate and Target Representations
27
12
Raster Representations
27
3
Vector Representations
30
3
Universal Drawing Entities
33
3
Two-Dimensional Objects
36
1
Three-Dimensional Shape and Semantics
37
2
System Architectures and the Role of A Priori Knowledge
39
6
Sequential Architectures
40
2
Blackboard Architectures: The Expert System Approach
42
3
Document Image Acquisition
45
12
Scanning Devices
45
5
Image Coding
50
3
Image File Formats
53
4
Binarisation
57
18
A Taxonomy of Thresholding Techniques
57
4
Document Image Statistics
61
3
Binarising Line Drawings
64
11
Point-Dependent Threshold Selection
64
7
Region-Dependent Threshold Selection
71
2
Image Partitioning
73
2
Binary Image Processing and the Raster to Vector Transformation
75
26
Raster to Vector Conversion
75
2
Some Definitions
77
4
The Distance Transform
81
9
Mathematical Morphology
90
1
Reducing Noise in Binary Images
91
5
Reducing Noise in Binary Images of Line Drawings
96
5
Analysis of Connected Components
101
18
Nomenclature
101
1
Contouring
102
5
Goals
102
1
Classification of Contouring Techniques
102
2
A Contouring Algorithm
104
3
Skeletonisation
107
10
Motivation
107
2
Approaches To Thinning
109
2
A Thinning Algorithm
111
2
The Medial Axis Transform
113
2
Removing Noise from Thinned Data
115
2
Grey Level Skeletonisation
117
2
Vectorisation
119
24
Approaches To Vectorisation
119
3
Global Vectorisation Methods
122
5
Iterative Methods
122
2
Feature-Based Techniques
124
1
Hybrid Approaches
125
2
Local Vectorisation Methods
127
3
Line Following Methods
127
1
Raster Scan Techniques
128
2
The Hough Transform
130
3
Direct Vectorisation
133
4
A Vector Database
137
3
Removing Noise from the Vector Model
140
1
Alternative Raster to Vector Technologies
141
2
Interpreting Images of Maps
143
20
Introduction
143
1
System Overview
143
2
Map Interpretation Principles
145
1
A Classification of Map Entities
146
6
Line Objects
146
1
Area Objects
147
4
Symbols
151
1
Interactive Map Interpretation
152
7
Automated Image Interpretation under Operator Control
152
5
Operator-Supplied Context
157
2
Output Formats
159
1
Quality Issues
160
3
Basic Concepts
160
1
Maintaining Quality during Interpretation
161
2
Recognising Cartographic Objects
163
22
Recognising Isolines
163
6
Overview
163
1
Theoretical Background
164
1
An Isoline Recognition Procedure
165
4
Recognising Roads
169
7
Overview
169
1
Interpreting the Road Layer
170
2
Extracting Roads and Correlated Objects from the Black Layer
172
4
Recognising Texture and Area Objects
176
4
Overview
176
1
Texture Border Definitions
176
4
Recognising Symbols
180
5
Recovering Engineering Drawing Entities from Vector Data
185
24
Design Principles and System Architecture
185
3
Vectorisation and Entity Recognition Processes
188
4
Extracting Arcs and Straight Lines
192
3
Recognising Crosshatched Areas
195
4
Recognising Dimensions
199
4
Detecting Blocks
203
6
Knowledge-Directed Interpretation of Engineering Drawings
209
34
An Image Understanding Approach
209
3
Drawing Entities as Schemata
212
2
Image Analysis Facilities
214
1
The ANON Architecture
215
2
Control Issues
217
2
Entity Extraction: Chained Lines
219
5
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Control
224
2
Performance
226
7
Scene Formation
233
7
Searching Image and Memory
233
3
Coincidence Links
236
3
Partial Interpretations and Schema Fusion
239
1
ANON in Context
240
1
Discussion
241
2
Current Issues and Future Developments
243
20
Higher-Level and 3D Representations
243
10
Resolving Inconsistency
243
1
Editing and Parameterisation
244
6
3D Reconstruction
250
3
Exploiting Domain Knowledge
253
3
The Role of the Operator
256
1
Performance Measures
257
1
Topics for Future Development
258
5
References
263
18
Index
281