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Tables of Contents for Mammalian Carbohydrate Recognition Systems
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Lectins of the ER Quality Control Machinery
C.A Jakob
E. Chevet
D.Y. Thomas
J.J.M. Bergeron
Introduction
1
1
Structural Aspects
1
5
Calnexin and Calreticulin in Quality Control of Glycoprotein Folding
6
3
Calnexin and Calreticulin in Glycoprotein Degradation
9
3
Regulation of Calnexin/Calreticulin-Substrate Interaction
12
1
Modifications of the Luminal Domain
12
1
Alterations of the Cytosolic Tail
13
1
Conclusions
13
6
References
14
5
MR60/ERGIC-53, a Mannose-Specific Shuttling Intracellular Membrane Lectin
Annie-Claude Roche
Michel Monsigny
Discovery
19
2
Structural Features
21
1
Intracellular Mannose-Specific Animal Lectins Are Homologous to Leguminous Plant Lectins
22
1
Oligomerization and Sugar Binding Activity
23
3
Cytological Features
26
3
Deciphering the Role of MR60/ERGIC-53: Looking for Highly Specific Oligosaccharide and Natural Glycoprotein Ligands
29
5
Concluding Remarks
34
5
References
35
4
The Cation-Dependent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor
Jung-Ja P. Kim
Nancy M. Dahms
Introduction
39
1
Intracellular Trafficking of the MPRs and Lysosomal Enzymes
40
2
Generation of the Mannose 6-Phosphate Recognition Marker
40
1
Subcellular Distribution of the MPRs
41
1
Targeting Signals in the Cytoplasmic Region of the MPRs
41
1
Primary Structure and Biosynthesis of the CD-MPR
42
3
Primary Structure
42
1
Genomic Structure
43
1
Oligomeric Structure
44
1
Co- and Post- Translational Modifications
44
1
Acylation
44
1
Phosphorylation
44
1
Glycosylation
45
1
Carbohydrate Recognition by the CD-MPR
45
8
Lysosomal Enzyme Recognition
45
2
Expression of Mutant Forms of the CD-MPR
47
1
Crystal Structure of the CD-MPR in the Presence of Bound Man-6-P
48
1
Polypeptide Fold
48
1
Structural Similarity to Biotin-Binding Proteins
49
1
Dimeric Structure
50
1
Carbohydrate Binding Pocket
50
3
Comparison of the CRDs of the CD-MPR and CI-MPR
53
1
Concluding Remarks
53
4
References
54
3
Galectins Structure and Function - A Synopsis
Hakon Leffler
Introduction
57
2
Discovery of Galectins - Past and Present
59
1
Structure, Specificity, and Endogenous Ligands
59
4
The Carbohydrate Recognition Domain (CRD) and Carbohydrate Binding Site
59
2
Domain Organization, Oligomerization, and Valency
61
1
Endogenous Galectin Glycoconjugate Ligands
62
1
Genes, Expression, and Targeting
63
2
Galectin Genes
63
1
Galectin Distribution in Cells and Tissues
64
1
Synthesis, Intracellular Targeting and Secretion
64
1
Functional Effects
65
5
Cell Adhesion
66
1
Galectin Induced Signaling
66
2
Galectins in Apoptosis
68
1
Galectins and Galectin Inhibitors In Vivo
68
1
Nuclear Functions
69
1
Other Galectin Effects
69
1
Galectin Null-Mutant Mice
70
1
Biological Roles and Biomedical Use
70
3
Immunity and Inflammation
70
1
Host-Pathogen Interaction
71
1
Cancer
71
1
Galectin Serology
72
1
Tissue Organization and Repair
73
1
Galectins in the Nervous System
73
1
Summary and Conclusions
73
12
References
74
11
Structure and Function of CD44: Characteristic Molecular Features and Analysis of the Hyaluronan Binding Site
Jurgen Bajorath
Synopsis
85
1
Cell Adhesion Proteins
85
1
Representative Families and Characteristic Features
85
1
Molecular Structure of CD44
86
2
Cloning of CD44 and Domain Organization
86
2
Genomic Structure and Isoforms
88
1
Glycosylation
88
1
Biological Functions and Ligands of CD44
88
3
Functional Diversity
88
1
Hyaluronan and Other Ligands
89
1
Regulation of Hyaluronan Binding
90
1
Hyaluronan Binding Domain
90
1
The Link Protein Module
91
2
Three-Dimensional Structure of TSG-6
91
1
Molecular Model of the Link Module of CD44
91
2
Analysis of the Hyaluronan Binding Site in CD44
93
6
Mutagenesis Strategy and Experimental Approach
93
2
Classification of Targeted Residues
95
1
Mapping and Characterization of the Binding Site
96
1
Opportunities and Limitations
97
2
Comparison of Carbohydrate Binding Sites
99
1
Link Proteins and C-Type Lectins
99
1
Conclusions
100
5
References
101
4
Structure and Function of the Macrophage Mannose Receptor
Maureen E. Taylor
Functions and Biological Ligands of the Mannose Receptor
105
2
Identification and Localization of the Mannose Receptor
105
1
Roles of the Mannose Receptor in the Immune Response
105
1
Clearance of Soluble Endogenous Ligands by the Mannose Receptor
106
1
Structure of the Mannose Receptor
107
3
Primary Structure
107
1
Features of Individual Domains
107
1
The Cytoplasmic Tail
107
1
The N-Terminal Cysteine-Rich Domain and the Fibronectin Type II Repeat
108
1
The C-Type Carbohydrate Recognition Domains
109
1
Mechanisms of Carbohydrate Binding by the Mannose Receptor
110
6
Roles of Individual Domains
110
1
Molecular Mechanism of Monosaccharide Binding to the Fourth Carbohydrate-Recognition Domain
111
1
Interaction of Ca2+ with CRD-4
111
1
Involvement of a Stacking Interaction in Sugar Binding to CRD-4
112
2
Determinants of Specificity and Orientation of Monosaccharides Bound to CRD-4
114
1
Spatial Arrangement of Domains
114
2
The Mannose Receptor Family
116
2
Members of the Family
116
1
Ligand Binding by Members of the Mannose Receptor Family
117
1
Evolution of the Mannose Receptor Family
117
1
Conclusions
118
5
References
119
4
The Man/GalNAc-4-SO4-Receptor has Multiple Specificities and Functions
Alison Woodworth
Jacques U. Baenziger
Introduction
123
1
Oligosaccharides Terminating with the Sequence SO4-4GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2Manα (S4GGnM) Are Found on the Pituitary Glycoprotein Hormones of All Vertebrates
124
1
Terminal β1,4-Linked GalNAc-4-SO4 Determines the Circulatory Half-life of LH
125
1
The GalNAc-4-SO4-Receptor: A Receptor with Multiple Carbohydrate Specificities and Functions
126
5
Functional Significance of the Man/GalNAc-4-SO4-Receptor
131
3
Future Directions
134
5
References
135
4
Sialoadhesin Structure
Andrew P. May
E. Yvonne Jones
Introduction
139
2
Sialoadhesin Carbohydrate-Binding Domain Structure and Function
141
5
Comparison with Other Sialic Acid-Binding Proteins
146
1
Sialic Acid Mediated Cell Adhesion
147
1
Conclusion
148
5
References
149
4
Ligands for Siglecs
Soerge Kelm
Introduction
153
2
Sialic Acids in Cell Recognition
153
1
Selectins
154
1
Siglecs
155
1
Structures of Siglecs
155
2
Sialic Acid-Binding Domain
156
1
Glycosylation
157
1
Carbohydrate Recognition
157
15
Methodology
157
3
Cell Surface Resialylation and Neoglycoconjugates
160
1
Cell Binding Assays
160
1
Fc-Chimeras
161
1
Sialic Acid Interactions with Siglecs
161
1
Functional Groups of Sialic Acids and Amino Acids
162
3
Glycan Interactions with Siglecs
165
1
Linkage Specificity
165
4
Ligands
169
1
Cell Surface Glycoproteins
169
1
Extracellular Glycoproteins
169
1
Glycolipids
169
1
Potential Regulation by cis-Interactions or Soluble Competitors
170
2
Perspectives
172
5
References
173
4
Functions of Selectins
Klaus Ley
Selectin Structure and Expression
177
1
Selectin Structure
177
1
Expression of E-selectin
177
1
Expression of P-selectin
178
1
Expression of L-selectin
178
1
Functions Common to All Selectins
178
3
Adhesion Under Flow
178
1
Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade
179
2
Selectin Bond Mechanics
181
1
Differential Functions of Selectins
181
3
P-selectin
182
1
E-selectin
182
1
L-selectin
183
1
Homing of Bone Marrow Stem Cells
183
1
Signaling through Selectins
184
1
Selectin Ligands
184
2
PSGL-1
185
1
Other Selectin Ligands
185
1
Phenotype of Selectin-Deficient Mice
186
2
E- and P-Selectin Deficient Mice
186
1
Triple Selectin Deficient Mice
186
1
L-Selectin-Deficient Mice
187
1
P-Selectin Deficient Mice
187
1
E-Selectin-Deficient Mice
187
1
L- and E- and L- and P-Selectin Double Deficient Mice
188
1
Selectin Ligand Deficiencies
188
1
Selectin Ligand Deficiencies in Mice
188
1
Selectin Ligand Deficiency in Humans
188
1
Selectins and Disease
189
2
Ischemia and Reperfusion
189
1
Cancer Metastasis
189
1
Autoimmune Diseases
190
1
Atherosclerosis
190
1
Summary
191
10
References
191
10
Carbohydrate Ligands for the Leukocyte-Endothelium Adhesion Molecules, Selectins
Ten Feizi
Introduction
201
2
Carbohydrate Ligands for E-Selectin
203
7
The Initial Evaluations of the Lex and Lea Systems as Ligands
203
4
The Search for Epithelial and Myeloid Cell Ligands
207
2
Conclusions and Questions Regarding the Carbohydrate Sequences Recognized by E-Selectin
209
1
Carbohydrate Ligands for L-Selectin
210
5
Initial Explorations of Carbohydrate Sequences Recognized by L-Selectin
210
1
Novel Sulfated Sequences Detected on the Endothelial Glycoprotein GlyCAM-1
210
1
Chemically Synthesized Sulfated Forms of the Lex Pentasaccharide, and Their Interactions with L-Selectin
211
2
Clues to the Existence of Novel Biosynthetic Pathways for Selectin Ligands
213
1
The Second Class of Sulfated L-Selectin Ligand
214
1
Possible Co-Operativity Between the Long and Short Ligands for L-Selectin
214
1
Oligosaccharide Ligands for P-Selectin
215
2
P-selectin Interactions with Defined Saccharide Sequences
215
1
PSGL-1, the Counter-Receptor Displaying Two Classes of Ligand for P-Selectin
216
1
Perspectives
217
8
References
218
7
Structures and Functions of Mammalian Collectins
Uday Kishore
Kenneth B.M. Reid
Introduction
225
1
Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL)
226
6
Molecular Structure and Assembly of MBL
227
1
Biological Functions of MBL
227
1
Interaction of MBL with Micro-organisms
228
1
Gene Organisation and Genetics of MBL
229
1
Crystal Structure of Trimeric CRDs of MBL
229
3
Surfactant Protein A (SP-A)
232
6
SP-A Suprastructure and Assembly
232
1
SP-A Gene and Gaenomic Organisation
233
1
SP-A- Carbohydrate Interaction
234
1
SP-A- Phospholipid Interactions
234
1
SP-A- Type II Cell Interaction
235
1
Interaction of SP-A with Phagocytes
235
1
Interaction of SP-A with Pathogens and Allergens
236
2
Surfactant Protein D (SP-D)
238
3
Molecular Structure and Assembly of SP-D
238
1
Interaction of SP-D with Carbohydrate and Lipid Ligands
239
1
Interaction of SP-D with Pathogens and Allergens
239
1
SP-D Gene Organisation and Genetics
240
1
SP-D Crystal Structure
240
1
Cell Surface Receptors for Collectins
241
1
SP-A and SP-D Gene Knock-out Mice
242
1
SP-A and SP-D in Human Diseases
243
1
Bovine Collectins: Conglutinin (BC) and Collectin-43 (CL-43
243
6
References
244
5
Index
249