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Tables of Contents for Volcanism
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction
1
1
Early Perception of Volcanoes and Volcanic Actions
1
2
Neptunists, Volcanists and Plutonists
3
2
How and Why Do Volcanoes Work?
5
1
The Volcano-Magma System
6
1
The Global Framework of Volcanism
7
1
Nature - Nurture
8
1
How Do Volcanologists Work and Why Do They Work on Volcanoes?
9
2
The Impact of Volcanic Activity on the Environment and on Society
11
Plate Tectonics
2
19
The Conveyor Belt of the Mid-Ocean Ridges
14
1
The Layered Earth
15
1
Dynamic Subdivision of the Earth
15
2
Distribution of Volcanoes on the Earth's Surface
17
1
Hybrid Tectonic Settings
18
1
Summary
19
2
Magma
21
14
What Is Magma?
21
1
Classification of Igneous Rocks
21
2
Where Are Magmas Generated?
23
1
How Are Magmas Generated?
24
2
Why Do Magmas Rise?
26
1
Magmatic Differentiation
26
1
Cooling and Crystallization of Lava Lakes
27
1
Magma Chambers
28
1
Zoning in Phenocryst Minerals
29
1
Compositionally Zoned Magma Reservoirs
30
4
Summary
34
1
Rheology, Magmatic Gases, Bubbles and Triggering of Eruptions
35
24
Rheology
37
1
Melt Structure
38
1
Viscosity
39
3
Magmatic Gases
42
6
Volatile Budget of Kilauea Volcano
48
1
Formation of Bubbles
49
1
Explosive Eruptions
50
1
External and Internal Forcing Mechanisms or Why Do Volcanoes Erupt?
51
1
Triggering of Volcanic Eruptions
52
1
Internal Forcing Mechanisms
52
2
Internal / External Forcing Mechanisms
54
1
Extrinsic Far Field Lithosphere
54
1
Atmosphere and Climate
55
1
The 864 A.D. and 1707 A.D. Eruptions of Mt. Fuji
56
1
Classification of Pyroclastic Eruptions
56
1
Summary
57
2
Mid-Ocean Ridges
59
12
The Revolution in the Earth Sciences
59
1
Geophysical Studies of the Ocean Crust
60
1
Ridge Morphology and Tectonics
61
3
Pillow Lavas and Pillow Volcanoes
64
1
Sheet Lavas
64
2
Pyroclastic Eruptions in the Deep Sea?
66
1
How Common Are Submarine Eruptions?
67
1
The Roots of Mid-Ocean Ridge Magma Chambers
67
2
Summary
69
2
Seamounts and Volcanic Islands
71
26
Seamounts
72
3
Guyots
75
1
Volcanic Islands
75
7
Destructive Stage and Lateral Apron Growth
82
1
How Representative Are the Evolutionary Stages of the Hawaiian Islands?
83
7
Speculations on the Cause of Contrasting Evolution of Oceanic Islands
90
1
Large Igneous Provinces and Oceanic Plateaus
91
1
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes
92
4
Summary
96
1
Continental Intraplate Volcanoes
97
16
Rift Zones and Rift Shoulders
97
2
Scoria Cones
99
2
The Quaternary Volcanic Fields of the Eifel
101
5
The Yellowstone Plume
106
1
Flood Basalts
107
4
Generation of Flood Basalts
111
1
Summary
111
2
Subduction Zone Volcanoes
113
14
Subduction Zones
113
1
Volcanic Arcs Above Subduction Zones
114
1
Island Arcs
115
2
Convergent Continental Margins
117
1
Volcanic Fronts
118
4
Subduction Zone Magmas
122
1
Source Materials
122
2
The Role of Water
124
1
Summary
125
2
Volcanic Edifices and Volcanic Deposits
127
28
Lava Flows
127
1
Pahoehoe Lava
128
1
Basalt Columns
129
2
Aa Lava
131
1
Block Lava
132
1
Domes
132
5
Tephra and Pyroclastic Deposits
137
1
Scoria Cones
138
5
Stratovolcanoes
143
1
Flank Collapses, Debris Avalanches and Debris Flows
144
3
Calderas and Caldera Volcanoes
147
2
Calderas on Basaltic Volcanoes and the 2000 Eruption of Miyakejima Volcano
149
2
Ash-Flow Calderas
151
3
Summary
154
1
Strombolian, Hawaiian and Plinian Eruptions and the Mount St. Helens Eruption 1980
155
22
Pyroclastic Fragmentation
155
2
Eruption Columns
157
4
Strombolian and Hawaiian Eruptions
161
2
Plinian Eruptions
163
3
The Eruption of Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980
166
6
Analysis of the Eruption Dynamics
172
4
Summary
176
1
Pyroclastic Flows, Block and Ash Flows, Surges and the Laacher See Eruption
177
32
Some Historical Notes
180
4
Terminology
184
3
Ignimbrites
187
6
Pyroclastic Block Flows and Their Deposits
193
2
Origin of Pyroclastic Block Flows
195
1
Surges, Blasts, Umbrella Clouds and Debris Jets
196
2
The Eruption of Laacher See Volcano 12900 Years Ago
198
9
Summary
207
2
Fire and Water
209
20
The Discovery
209
4
Rapid Cooling
213
2
The High Explosivity of Magma--Water Interactions
215
2
Open Water Conditions
217
The Initial and Terminal Phases of Eruptions
216
8
Phreatic Eruptions
224
1
Rainwater
225
1
Fire and Ice
225
2
Summary
227
2
Volcanic Hazards, Volcanic Catastrophes, and Disaster Mitigation
229
30
Terminology
230
1
Volcanic Hazards
230
9
The Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI)
239
1
Can Volcanic Catastrophes be Avoided?
239
3
Monitoring
242
9
Lessons Learned From Two Large Volcanic Eruptions
251
1
Nevado del Ruiz
252
1
Pinatubo
253
3
Volcanic Eruptions and the Media
256
1
Summary
257
2
Volcanoes and Climate
259
14
The Scientific Revolution
260
1
Input of Volcanic Gases into the Atmosphere
261
1
Sulfur
262
1
Formation of the Aerosol Veil: Gas-Particle Conversion
263
1
The Effects of Stratospheric Aerosol Veils on Global and Regional Temperatures and Ozone Depletion
264
2
Which Volcanic Eruptions Load the Atmosphere Most?
266
1
Back For the Future
267
2
The Chicken and the Egg
269
1
Are Mass Extinctions Due to Mega-eruptions?
270
1
Summary
271
2
Man and Volcanoes: The Benefits
273
18
Heat From the Interior of the Earth
273
1
Geothermal Energy
273
3
Hot Water Valves on the Ocean Floor and the Formation of Ore Deposits
276
2
Volcanic Soils
278
2
Volcanoes as Source for Raw Materials
280
2
The Attraction of Volcanoes and Volcanic Landscapes
282
5
Summary
287
2
Epilogue
289
2
Physical Units and Abbreviations
291
2
Glossary
293
6
References
299
12
Subject Index
311
8
Index of Geographical Names
319
6
Index of Names
325