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Tables of Contents for Thomas Young's Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PART THE FIRST MECHANICS
Introduction
1
17
Objects of the Royal Institution
1
1
Dissemination of elementary knowledge
2
1
Education of females; Theory of practical mechanics, and of manufactures
3
1
Simplicity of useful theory
4
1
Difficulty of making improvements; Repository of the Institution; Library; Journals
5
1
Nature of the lectures; Merits of English philosophers
6
1
Delivery of the lectures
7
1
General view
8
1
Division of the lectures; Synthetical method
9
6
Induction; Causation
15
1
Erroneous inductions
16
1
Newtonian rules of philosophizing; Their insufficiency
17
1
On Motion
18
9
Definition of motion
18
1
Absolute and relative notion; All motion relative
19
1
Quiescent space; Direction of motion
20
1
Laws of motion
21
1
Time
22
1
Composition of motion; Space in motion
23
1
Result of two motions
24
1
Resolution of motion
25
1
General result of a number of motions
26
1
On accelerating forces
27
6
Definition of force
27
1
Action of force
28
1
Acceleration and retardation; Velocity
29
1
Uniform force; Gravitation; Laws of falling bodies; Atwood's machine
30
1
Space described; Law of Galileo
31
1
General law of velocities; Ascent; Velocity due to a height
32
1
On deflective forces
33
9
Centritugal force; Sling
33
1
Motion of a hoop; Whirling table
34
1
Laws of central forces
35
1
Keplerian laws
36
1
Ellipsis; Projectiles
37
1
Resolution of oblique motion
38
1
Horizontal range; Best elevation; Parabolic path
39
1
Practice of gunnery; Experiments of Robins
40
2
On confined motion
42
8
Motion limited by suspension, or by a smooth surface; Effect of friction and of rotatory motion; Inclined plane
42
1
Descent in the chords of a circle; Velocity of descent
43
1
Ascending force; Energy; Cycloidal pendulum
44
1
Laws of pendulums
45
1
Swiftest descent; Circular pendulums
46
1
Pendulums with resistance; Revolving pendulums; Composition of vibrations; Regulator for steam engines
47
1
Circular road; Principle of the least action
48
2
On the motions of simple masses
50
9
Definition of a moveable body, without regard to itsExtension
50
1
Inertia; Centre of inertia; Its properties
51
1
Reciprocal forces; Quantity of motion
52
1
Momentum; Centre of inertia of a system
53
1
Motion of centre of inertia
54
1
Action and reaction; Newton's illustrations
55
1
Magnitude of reciprocal forces
56
1
Fall of a feather and of a piece of gold; Lecretius; Relation between forces and distances
57
1
Displacement of the earth by the effect of a machine
58
1
On pressure and equilibrium
59
16
Pressure, a force counteracted; Pressure and momentum incommensurable
59
1
Laws of pressure included in those of motion; Opposition of pressures
60
1
Equilibrium of mechanical powers; Centre of gravity
61
1
Stability of equilibrium
62
1
Stability independent of equilibrium
63
1
Situation and motions of the centre of gravity of animals
64
1
Levers of two-kinds; Fundamental property of the lever
65
1
Series of levers; Bent levers; Oblique levers
66
1
Wheel and axis; Wheels and pinions; Double axis
67
1
Pullies
68
1
Blocks; Smeaton's pullies
69
1
Oblique ropes; Inclined plane
70
1
Wedges; Props, or shores
71
1
Screws; Nuts; Hunter's screw
72
1
Determination of mechanical power from virtual velocities
73
2
On collision
75
8
Motions of various bodies acting reciprocally; Elastic bodies
75
1
Nature of repulsion; Experiment on an ivory ball; Apparatus for experiments on collision
76
2
Inelastic bodies; Energy
78
1
Measure of force; Relation of labour to energy
79
1
Preservation of energy; or of ascending force; Effect of a blow
80
1
Rotation; Billiards; Reflection
81
2
On the motions of connected bodies
83
10
Rotatory power
83
1
Consideration of the square of the velocity; Smeaton's apparatus; Centre of gyration
84
1
Centre of percussion and of oscillation; Free rotation
85
1
See correctionsMotion of a stick broken by a blow
86
1
Preponderance; Greatest effect of machines; Experiments
87
2
Cautions with regard to the construction of machines
89
1
Comparison of animal with manimate force
90
1
Regulation of force; Small momentum of machines; Impossibility of a perpetual motion
91
2
On drawing, writing and measuring
93
20
Subjects preliminary to the consideration of practical mechanics; Instrumental geometry; Statics; Passive strength; Friction
93
1
Drawing; Outline; Pen; Pencil; Chalks
94
1
Crayons; Indian ink; Water colours; Body colours
95
1
Miniatures; Distemper; Fresco; Oil
96
1
Encaustic paintings; Enamel; Mosaic work; Writing
97
1
Materials for writing
98
1
Pens; Inks; Use of coloured inks for denoting numbers
99
1
Polygraphs; Telegraph; Geometrical instruments; Rulers
100
1
Compasses; Flexible rulers
101
1
Squares; Triangular compasses; Parallel rulers; Marquois's scales
102
1
Pantograph; Proportional compasses
103
1
Sector; Measurement of angles
104
1
Theodolites; Quadrants; Dividing engine; Vernier; Levelling
105
1
Sines of angles
106
1
Gunter's scale; Nicholson's circle; Dendrometer; Arithmetical machines; Standard measures; Quotation from Laplace
107
1
Mew measures; Decimal divisions
108
1
Length of the pendulum, and of the meridian of the earth
109
1
Measures of time; Objections
110
1
Comparison of measures; Instruments for measuring
111
1
Micrometrical scales; Log lines
112
1
On modelling, perspective, engraving, and printing
113
10
Copying a statue; Modelling; Casting
113
1
Perspective; Mechanical perspective
114
1
Geometrical perspective
115
1
Orthographical projection
116
1
Projections of a sphere
117
1
Invention of engraving; Wood cuts
118
1
Mode of engraving; Ruling; Mezzotinto; Etching
119
1
Aqua tinta
120
1
Musical characters; Printing; Copying letters; Printing from stones
121
1
Letterpress; Stereotype printing
122
1
On statics
123
12
Weighing
123
1
English and French weights; Balances
124
1
False balances
125
1
Weighing machines; Steelyards; Bentlever balances
126
1
Spring steelyard; Dynamometer
127
1
Animal actions; Strength of muscles
128
1
Instances of strength; Progressive motion
129
1
Running; Pulling
130
1
Sources of motion; Work of a labouring man
131
1
Temporary exertions; Horses
132
1
Wind; Water; Steam
133
1
Gunpowder; Measurement of small forces
134
1
On passive strength and friction
135
22
Immediate effects of force on a solid
135
1
Extension and compression; Rigidity
136
1
Measure of elasticity
137
1
Detrusion; Lateral adhesion; Flexure
138
1
Cause of irregularities; Stiffness
139
1
Stiffness of beams; Hollow beams; Torsion
140
1
Alteration; Ductility
141
1
Temper of metals; Toughness; Brittleness
142
1
Fracture; Strength; Resilience; Effect of velocity
143
1
Limit of strength or resilience
144
1
Qualities of natural bodies; Fracture by simple compression
145
1
Strength of lateral adhesion; Transverse force
146
1
Fracture by flexure; Comparative strength and resilience
147
1
Uses of resistances of different kinds; Coach springs
148
1
Comparison of direct and transverse strength; Beam cut out of n tree; Hollow masts
149
1
Strongest forms of beams
150
1
Machine for measuring strength; Strength of different substances
151
1
Inconvenience of bulk; Friction; Lateral adhesion
152
1
Uniformity of friction
153
1
Usual magnitude of friction; Best direction for draught
154
1
Stability of a wedge or nail
155
1
Resistance to penetration
156
1
On architecture and carpentry
157
15
Architecture; Form of a column
157
1
Eddystone lighthouse
158
1
Wall
159
1
Joints; Mortar; Arch
160
1
Oblique pressure of earth
161
1
Bridge
162
1
Flat arch; Horizontal thrust; Piers
163
1
Black-friars bridge; Dome
164
1
StPaul's cathedral; Pantheon; Orders of architecture
165
1
Gothic architecture; Carpentry; Joints
166
1
Scarfing
167
1
Joggles; Tenons; Mortises; Straps
168
1
Inconvenience of transverse strains; Roofs
169
1
Kirb roof; Height of a roof
170
1
Wooden bridges; Centres of bridges; Furniture; Parker's gates
171
1
On machinery
172
8
Application of force
172
1
Levers; Connected rods; Hooke's joint; Cranks
173
1
Winches; Rectification of circular motion
174
1
Wheelwork
175
1
Teeth of wheels
176
1
Kinds of wheels
177
1
Eccentric wheels; Sun and planet wheels; Construction of wheels; Weights and springs
178
1
Ply wheels; Air vessels
179
1
On the union of flexible fibres
180
8
Chain; Union by means of adhesion ; Friction of a rope on a cylinder
180
1
Twisting; Spinning; Rope-making
181
1
Materials of ropes
182
1
Hemp; Flax
183
1
Cotton; Silk
184
1
Wool; Weaving
185
1
Crape; Cloth; Felts
186
1
Hats; Paper
187
1
On Timekeepers
188
15
Clepsydiae
188
1
Clocks; Fly clocks
189
1
Balances; Chronometer with a revolving pendulum
190
1
Measurement of minute intervals of time; Pendulum; Balance spring
191
1
Principal requisites of a timekeeper; Sustaining force
192
1
Equalisation of the force; Intermediate spring or wheel; Scapement; Crank
193
1
Crutch scapement; Common watch scapement
194
1
Dead beat scapement and horizontal Hatch; Friction of scapements
195
1
See correctionsDuplex scapement; Comma scapement; Scapements of Harrison, Mudge, Haley, Cumming, and Nicholson
196
1
Scapements of Arnold and Earnshaw; Isochronism of vibrations
197
1
Properties of springs
198
1
Expansion of pendulums; Compensations for clocks
199
1
Compensations for watches
200
1
Resistance of the air; Striking part
201
1
Supports of clocks; Mutual influence of two clocks
202
1
On raising and removing weights
203
17
Counteraction of gravitation; Levers:
203
1
Perrault's lever; Axis with a winch
204
1
Water whimsey; Gin; Capstan
205
1
Double capstan; Wheelwork; String of buckets; Pullies
206
1
Inclined plane; Duke of Bridgwater's canal
207
1
Screws; Cranes
208
1
Walking wheels; White's crane
209
1
Weighing cranes; Lewis; Counterpoise for a chain; Removing weights; Porters
210
1
Distribution of weight
211
1
Simple dray; Effect of agitation; Oily substances
212
1
Rollers; Friction wheels
213
1
Perrault's ropes; Wheels of carriages
214
1
Magnitude of wheels
215
1
Line of draught; Conical wheels
216
1
Effect of springs
217
1
Attachment of horses; Wheel ways
218
1
String of baskets or carts
219
1
On modes of changing the forms of bodies
220
16
Compression; Presses; Effect of momentum
220
1
Printing press; Sugar mill
221
1
Oil mills; Hammering; Hydrostatic press; Extension; Laminating machine; Glaziers vice
222
1
Wire drawing; Pottery; Glassblowing; Percussion
223
1
Forges; Goldbeating; Coining; Stamping; Penetration
224
1
Pile driving engine
225
1
Sling; Bow and arrow
226
1
Whip; Division; Cutting instruments; Slitting mill
227
1
Lathes; Boring
228
1
Agricultural instruments; Mining; Sawing
229
1
Stonecutting; Grinding
230
1
Polishing
231
1
Trituration; Powder mills; Agitation; Threshing machines
232
1
Corn mills
233
1
Kneading; Levigating; Demolition; Bolt drawer
234
1
Burning; Blasting
235
1
On the history of mechanics
236
21
Origin of the Grecian learning in Egypt; Thales
236
1
Ionian school; Italian school; Pythagoras
237
1
Democritus; Invention of the arch
238
1
See corrections, Archytas and Eudoxus; Aristotle; Foundation of Alexandria
239
1
Epicurus; Alchimedes
240
1
Siege of Syracuse
241
1
Athenaeus; Ctesibius
242
1
Vitruvius; Middle ages
243
1
British manufactures
244
1
Anglonorman and Gothic architecture
245
1
Roger Bacon; Clocks; Engraving and printing
246
1
Leonardo da Vinci; Bacon Lord Verulam; Galileo; Napier
247
1
Laws of collision; Hooke; Barrow; Newton
248
1
Followers of Newton
249
1
Modern mathematicians and mechanics
250
1
Timekeepers; Journals; Royal Institution
251
1
Future prospects; Use of a catalogue of references
252
1
Table of the chronology of mathematicians and mechanics
253
4
PART THE SECOND HYDRODYNAMICS
On hydrostatics
257
13
Hydrodynamics more dependent on experiment than mechanics
257
1
Division of the subject into Hydraulics, Acustics and Optics
258
1
Hydrostatics; Definition of a fluid and a liquid
259
1
Surface of a gravitating fluid horizontal
260
1
Surface of a revolving fluid; Pressure of a fluid
261
1
Magnitude of hydrostatic pressure
262
1
Hydrostatic paradox
263
1
Blowing with the mouth and lungs; Pressure on the bank of a river
264
1
Pressure on a concave surface; Pressure of different fluids; Equilibrium of fluids with solids
265
1
Floating bodies
266
1
Stability and oscillations of floating bodies; Buoyancy
267
1
Bodies falling in fluids; Hooke's hemisphere; Flexible vessels
268
2
On pneumatic equilibrium
270
7
Properties of the air, and of gases; Mercurial column
270
1
Steams and vapours; Weight of the air
271
1
Experiments with the air pump; Constitution of the atmosphere
272
1
See CorrectionsMeasurement of heights; Ascent of a balloon; Pressure of the atmosphere
273
1
Magdeburg hemispheres; Nature of suction
274
1
Barometers
275
1
Compressibility of liquids
276
1
On the theory of hydraulics
277
15
General principle of ascending force
277
1
Bernoulli's inferences
278
1
Velocity of a jet of a fluid; Ajutages of different kinds
279
1
Contraction of a jet; Effect of short pipe
280
1
Diverging pipe; Experiments of Bernoulli, Venturi, and Matthew Young
281
1
Discharge through large apertures; Vessels emptying themselves
282
1
Locks; Siphons
283
1
Discharge through a vertical pipe
284
1
Explanation; Limit of velocity; Whirlpool
285
1
Intermitting springs; Ascending jets
286
1
Oscillations of fluids; Waves
287
1
Reflection of waves
288
1
Height of waves; Experimental exhibition of waves
289
1
Divergence of waves; Combinations of waves; Applications
290
1
Elastic pipes; Circulation of the blood
291
1
On the friction of fluids
292
8
Experiments of Du Buat
Motions of rivers
292
1
Friction and resistance
293
1
Examples of the velocity of rivers; Velocity at different depths
294
1
Weres
295
1
Changes and flexures of rivers; Lateral friction
296
1
Venturi's experiments; Ball supported by a jet
297
1
Discharge of long pipes; Bent pipes
298
1
Dilatations of pipes; Effect of temperature
299
1
On hydraulic pressure
300
8
Pressure of fluids in motion
300
1
Counterpressure; Magnitude of the pressure and impulse of fluids
301
1
Laws of hydraulic pressure; Particular case of water wheels; Oblique impulse
302
1
Distribution of pressure
303
1
Elevation and depression produced by the motion of a floating body; Form of a ship; Body moving below the surface
304
1
Convex surfaces; Hydraulic pressure of the air
305
1
Concave surfaces; Great effect of an increase of velocity
306
1
Reflection of a ball or stone
307
1
On hydrostatic instruments, and hydraulic architecture
308
8
Statics and architecture of fluids; Hydrostatic balance
308
1
Hydrometer; Glassglobules
309
1
Specific gravities of particular substances; Mixtures; Spirit level
310
1
Hydrostatic lamps
311
1
Embankments; Dikes: Rivers
312
1
Reservoirs; Flood gates
313
1
Strength of sluices and flood gates; Friction
314
1
Canals; Piers; Harbours
315
1
On the regulation of hydraulic forces
316
11
Machinery of fluids; Waterpipes; Siphons
316
1
Stopcocks and valves
317
1
Pitot's tube; Hydrometric fly; Captain Hamilton's hydraulic register
318
1
Motions of the air; Weight and impulse of fluids; Raising weights by the descent of water
319
1
Effect of velocity; Overshot wheel
320
1
Undershot wheel; Mechanical power of a stream
321
1
Breast wheel; Second wheel; Oblique wheels and windmills
322
2
Smokejack; Kite; Parent's mill; Seamanship; Side wind
324
1
Form and arrangement of a vessel
325
1
Stability of a ship
326
1
On hydraulic machines
327
12
Machines for raising water; Noria; Bucket wheel; Throwing wheel; Rope pump
327
1
Venturi's drain; Spiral pipes; Screw of Archimedes
328
1
Water screw; Wirtz's spiral pump
329
1
Centrifugal pump
330
1
Pumps; Plunger pump
331
1
Forcing pump; Mixed pump; Pistons; Bramah's press; Sucking Pump
332
1
Bag pump; Lifting pump; Sucking and forcing pump; Air vessel
333
1
Fire engine; Roller pumps and slider pumps
334
1
Arrangement of pipes; Bead pump; Cellular pump; Chain pump; Cranks
335
1
Wheels and rollers; Chinese walking wheels; Inverted pump; Hydraulic air vessels
336
1
Fountain of Hero; Atmospheric machines; Hydraulic ram
337
2
On pneumatic machines
339
13
Counteraction and application of pneumatic forces; Torricellian vacuum; Air pump
339
1
Double barrel; Smeaton's pump; Experiments
340
1
Gages; Peargage
341
1
Condensers; Diving bells
342
1
Bellows; Gasometers
343
1
Shower bellows; Velocity of a blast; Ventilation
344
1
Corn fan; Chimnies
345
1
Furnaces; Balloons; Steam engines; Savery's engine
346
1
Newcomen's and Beighton's engine
347
1
Watt's improvements
348
1
Power of Boulton and Watt's machines; Later alterations; Gunpowder
349
1
Calculations of Bernoulli and of Count Rumford; properties of a gun
350
1
Bullets; Shot; Air gun
351
1
On the history of hydraulics and pneumatics
352
15
Discoveries of Archimedes
352
1
Ctesibius; Hero; Vitruvius
353
1
Canals; Gunpowder; Galileo; Torricelli
354
1
Castelli; Mariotte; Guglielmini; Guericke; Hooke
355
1
Marquis of Worcester
356
1
Huygens; Pardies; Renaud; James and John Bernoulli; Newton; Poleni
357
1
Bouguer; DBernoulli
358
1
John Bernoulli; Maclaurin
359
1
Robins; Dalembert; Kaestner
360
1
Euler; Smeaton; Borda; Watt; Specification of MrWatt's patent
361
2
Bossut; Juan; Prony
363
1
Chapman; Romme; Hutton; Rumford; Du Buat
364
1
Black; Montgolfier
365
1
Chronological table
366
1
On the propagation of sound
367
11
Importance of acustics; Division of the subject; Definition of sound
368
1
Propagation of sound; Velocity of sound
368
1
Delineation of a sound
369
1
Compressibility of hard bodies; Transmission of sound by different mediums
370
1
Correction on account of heat
371
1
Transmission in gases of different kinds; In liquids
372
1
In solids; Divergence of sound
373
1
Reflection of sound
374
1
Illustration by waves of water; Speaking trumpet; Whispering gallery
375
1
Invisible girl; Partial interception of sound; Decay of sound
376
2
On the sources and effects of sound
378
11
Origin of a simple sound; Of a continued sound
378
1
Musical sounds derived from vibrations; Open pipes; Stopped pipes
379
1
Harmonic sounds; Effect of temperature; Longitudiual sounds of solids; Lateral vibrations
380
1
Flexible chords and membranes
381
1
Harmonic sounds of chords
381
2
Loaded wire; Revolutions of chords
383
1
Vibrations of elastic rods
384
1
Vibrations of plates, rings, and vessels; Mixed vibrations of solids and fluids
385
1
Sympathetic sounds; Hearing
386
1
Description of the ear
387
1
Delicacy of the ear
388
1
On harmonics
389
8
Theory of harmonics; Combinations of sounds
389
1
Beats
390
1
Grave harmonics; Concords
391
1
Melody; Rhythm; Simple compositions; Diatonic scale
392
1
Half notes or semitones
393
1
Minor mode; Discords; Rules of accompaniment
394
1
Temperament
395
1
Distinction of the notes
396
1
On musical instruments
397
11
Division of musical instruments; Harp; Lyre
397
1
Harpsichord; Spinet; Pianoforte; Dulcimer; Clavichord; Guitar
398
1
Violins of different kinds; Vielle; Trumpet Marigni; Acolian harp
399
1
human voice
400
1
Drum; Stacada; Bell; Harmonica; Vox humana pipe
401
1
Simple wind instruments; Mixed wind instruments
402
1
History of music; Lyre; Hermes; Terpander; Pythagoras; Simonides
403
1
Tibia; Aristotle; Ctesibius; Pope Gregory
404
1
Guido; Bacon; Galileo; Mersenne; Kircher; Meibomius; Wallis; Newton; Brook Taylor; Sauveur
405
1
Lagrange; Euler; Bernoulli; Dalembert; Sounds of rods; Grave harmonics of Romieu and Tartini; Sounds of pipesChladni
406
1
Laplace; Chronological table
407
1
On the theory of optics
408
12
Importance of optics; Division of the subject; Definition of light
408
1
Ray of light; Motion of light; Homogeneous mediums
409
1
Reflection
410
1
Refraction
411
1
Polished surfaces; Return of a ray; Refractive density
412
1
Index of refractive power; Intermediate refraction; Total reflection
413
1
Dioptrics and catoptrics; Focus
414
1
Plane speculum; Principal focus; Convergence by reflection
415
1
Concave and convex mirrors; Prism; Multiplying glass; Lens
416
1
Effects of lenses; Focus of a lens
417
1
Joint focus; Image; Optical centre
418
1
Curvature of the image
419
1
On optical instruments
420
14
Divergence of light; Photometers
420
1
Measurement of refractive densities; Instruments strictly optical
421
1
Images formed by lenses and mirrors; Magnifiers; Simple microscopes; Globules
422
1
Illumination of an image; Burning Glasses; Materials of lenses and mirrors
423
1
Images visible in every direction; Camera obscura
424
1
Solar microscope
425
1
Lucernal microscope: Phantasmagoria
426
1
Astronomical telescope; Double microscope
427
1
Galilean telescope; Common day telescope; DrHerschel's telescope
428
1
Newtonian reflector; Gregorian telescope; Cassegrain's telescope; Smith's microscope; Curvature of images in telescopes
429
1
Magnifying powers of telescopes; Field glass
430
1
Double magnifier; Aberration from colour; Achromatic glasses
431
1
Achromatic eye piece; Micrometers
432
1
Divided speculum
433
1
On physical optics
434
13
Sources of light; Combustion; Slow decomposition
434
1
Electricity; Friction; Solar phosphori
435
1
Emission of light; Velocity of light; Apparent aberration
436
1
Oblique reflection; Diffraction; Dispersion; Colour
437
1
Division of the spectrum; Light of different kinds
438
1
Mixed lights; Imitation of white light; Primitive colours
439
1
Mixture of colours by rapid motion; Combinations
440
1
Atmospherical refraction; Horizontal refraction
441
1
Rainbows
442
1
Halos and parhelia
443
1
Refraction of ice; Complicated halos
444
1
Double refraction; Iceland spar; Second refraction; Transparent plates
445
2
On vision
447
10
Description of the eye
447
1
Image on the retina; Advantages of the arrangement
448
1
Inversion of the image; Instinct
449
1
Sensibility of the retina; Focus of the eye; Accommodation
450
1
Change in the crystalline lens; Uses of the iris
451
1
Optometer; Myopic and presbyopic sight
452
1
Single vision; Judgment of distance
453
1
Apparent magnitudes of the sun and moon; Aerial perspective; Painting
454
1
Panorama; Duration of sensations; Ocular spectra
455
2
On the nature of light and colours
457
15
Theories respecting the nature of light
457
1
Simple propagation; Transparent mediums
458
1
Uniformity of velocity
459
1
Reflection and refraction; Partial reflection
460
1
Total reflection
461
1
Sources of light; Aberration; Double refraction
462
1
Dispersion; Colours of thin plates
463
1
Alternate union and extinction of colours; Light admitted by two holes
464
1
Supposed dimensions of undulations; Correction; Stripes in a shadow
465
1
Light passing through a narrow aperture; Colours of striated surfaces
466
1
Curved stripes of colours; Fringes near a shadow
467
1
Colours of thin plates
468
1
Colours of natural bodies
469
1
Colours of mixed plates; supernumerary rainbows
470
1
Colours of concave mirrors; Agreement of the Huygenian theory with the phenomena
471
1
On the history of optics
472
11
Knowledge of the ancients; Empedocles
472
1
Aristotle; Archimedes; Euclid; Ptolemy; Alhazen; Vitellio; RBacon
473
1
Jansen; Galileo; Kepler; Scheiner; Rheita; Maurolycus; De Dominis; Snellius; Descartes
474
1
Fermat; Leibnitz; Barrow; Boyle; Hooke
475
1
Newton; Grimaldi
476
1
Bartholin; Huygens; Roemer; Bradley
477
1
Bouguer; Porterfield; Jurin; Smith; Dollond; Hall
478
1
Euler
479
1
Lambert; Mathematical opticians; Mazeas; Dutour; Comparetti; Priestley
480
1
Delaval; RDarwin; Atmospherical refraction; Wollaston; Ritter; Herschel
481
1
Laplace; Attempts of the author
482
1
Chronological table
483
1
PART THE THIRD PHYSICS
483
274
On the fixed stars
487
12
Division of the subjects of physics
487
1
Astronomy
488
1
Empty space; fixed stars
489
1
Light of the stars; Figure; Twinkling; Number; Magnitudes
490
1
Distances of the stars
491
1
Clusters or nebulae
492
1
Arrangement of the stars in general; Milky way; Proper motions of the stars
493
1
DrHerschel's division of stars and nebulae; Changes of the stars
494
1
Constellations
495
1
Representations of the stars; Allineations
496
3
On the solar system
499
24
The sun a star; Progressive motion of the sun
499
1
Orbit of the sun; Rotation
500
1
Spots; Solar heat
501
1
Sun's attraction; Solar atmosphere
502
1
Planets; Ecliptics
503
1
Change of position of the ecliptic; Nodes; Keplerian laws
504
1
Rotation of the planets; Precession of the equinoxes
505
1
Nutation of the earth's axis; Proportional distances of the planets; Mercury
506
1
Venus; The earth; Mars
507
1
Juno; Pallas; Ceres; Jupiter; Saturn
508
1
Georgian planet; Unknown planets; Satellites
509
1
Moon
510
1
Satellites of Jupiter; Ring of Saturn
511
1
Comets
512
3
Number and orbits of the comets
515
1
On the laws of gravitation
Newton's great discovery; Attraction of spherical bodies
515
1
Extent of the force of gravity
516
1
Sun's change of place; Orbits of the planets; Keplerian laws
517
1
Universality of gravitation; Motions of the apsides and nodes; Changes of the
ecliptic; Forms of the planets
518
1
Precession Nutation; Lunar motions
519
1
Disturbing force of the sun
520
1
Acceleration of the moon's motion Moon's rotation; Orbits of comets
521
1
Predictions of Halley and Clairaut
522
1
Chronological table
523
1
On the appearances of the celestial bodies
523
13
Apparent motions to be described after the real ones; Motions of the stars and sun; Motions of the earth
523
1
Apparent revolution of the sun
524
1
Sun's apparent diameter; Length of summer and winter; Day and night; Sun's apparent path
525
1
Centrifugal force; Places of the stars; Twilight
526
1
Relative positions and phases of the planets
527
1
Phases of the moon: Lunar eclipses
528
1
Eclipses of the sun; Series of eclipses
529
1
Harvest moon; Eclipses of Jupiter's satellites
530
1
Comets; Light of the heavenly bodies; Planetary worlds
531
1
Fontenelle; Mercury; Venus
532
1
Moon
533
1
Mars; Newly discovered planets; Jupiter
534
1
Saturn; Georgian planet
535
1
On practical astronomy
536
32
Real motions neglected; Situation of a point in the heavens; Meridian
536
1
Astronomical instruments: Time; Sidereal day; Solar day; Equation of time
537
1
Dialling; Chronology
538
1
Calendar
539
1
Improvement suggested; Republican calendar; Metonic cycle; Golden number
540
1
Epact; Moon's age; Julian period; Astronomical time; Quadrants; Transit instruments
541
1
Hadley's quadrant; Declinations; Refraction and parallax
542
1
Latitudes: Longitudes
543
1
Lunar observations; Distance of the sun Transits
544
21
Densities of the sun and planets; Artificial globe
565
1
Planispheres
566
1
Orreries
567
1
On Geography
568
8
Particular, account of the earth; Curvature of its surface; Direction of the plumb line
568
1
Ellipticity; Measurements of degrees
569
1
Zones
570
1
Climates; Sea and land; Continents
571
1
Rivers; Elevations
572
1
Mountains
573
1
Different orders of mountains; Internal parts of the earth
574
1
Density of the earth
575
1
On the tides
576
13
Tides noticed by the ancients; Daily changes
576
1
Monthly changes; Yearly changes; Connexion with the moon; Effect of gravitation on a fluid sphere
577
1
Primitive lunar tides; Comparison with a pendulum
578
1
Direct and inverted tides; Tides of a lake
579
1
Resistance; Tides of the Atlantic
580
1
Particular modifications
581
1
Tides of the Channels, and of rivers
582
1
Inferior and superior tides; Laws of elevation and of depression
583
1
Mode of observing the tides; Solar tides; Combination of tides
584
1
Retardation of spring and neap tides
585
1
Increased height in converging channels; Combinations in particular ports
586
1
Currents; Tides of the atmosphere
587
2
See corrections
On the history of astronomy
589
16
Earliest astronomy; Signs of the zodiac
589
1
Babylonian observations; Chaldeans; Hermes; Egyptians; Chinese
590
1
Indians; Greeks
591
1
Thales; Pythagoras; Meto; Alexandrian school
592
1
Eratosthenes; Hipparchus
593
1
Ptolemy
594
1
Arabians; Persians
595
1
Copernicus; Tycho Brahe
596
1
Kepler
597
1
Napier; Huygens; Cassini; Gravitation
598
1
Newton's discoveries; Extract from Pemberton
599
2
British astronomers; Observatory at Greenwich
601
1
Determination of the longitude; Late discoveries
602
2
See correctionsChronological table
604
1
On the essential properties of matter
605
13
Importance of minute objects
605
1
Definition of mater; Place of the investigation
606
1
Essential and accidental properties of matter; Extension; Divisibility
607
1
Actual division of matter
608
1
Impenetrability
609
1
Permeability; Orders of substances
610
1
Repulsion; Apparent contact
611
1
Laws of repulsion
612
1
Dalton's hypothesis; Repulsion of liquids and solids; Reciprocality of repulsion
613
1
Inertia; Gravitation; Cause of gravitation
614
1
Mathematical conceptions; Newton's opinion
615
1
Constitution of a medium capable of producing gravitation
616
1
Difficulties
617
1
On cohesion
618
13
Accidental properties of matter; Laws of cohesion
618
1
Modification of cohesion by heat; Liquidity
619
1
Superficial cohesion
620
1
Bubbles; Form of the surface of a fluid
621
1
See correctionsMagnitude of the force of cohesion; Ascent between two plates
622
1
Capillary tubes; Horizontal surface
623
1
Detached portion of a liquid; Lycopodium; Attractions and repulsions of floating bodies
624
1
Apparent cohesion of plates; Drop between plates; Oil spreading on water; Sponge
625
1
Long column supported by cohesion; Cohesion of solids; More perfect union
626
1
Solidity
627
1
Cause of solidity; Elasticity
628
1
Stillness; Strength; Softness; Ductility
629
1
Primary cause of cohesion
630
1
On the sources and effects of heat
631
15
Division of the subject of heat; Definition of heat and cold
631
1
Excitement of heat; Condensation; Friction; Count Rumford's experiments
632
1
Effect of velocity
633
1
Pictet's experiments; Heat from combustion
634
1
Communication of Heat; Conducting powers; Fluids
635
1
Radiation of heat; MrLeslie's discoveries
636
1
Differences of solar and culinary heat; Invisible heat; Equilibrium of radiant heat
637
1
Apparent reflection of cold; Refrangibility of heat
638
1
Blackening rays; Effects of heat; Temporary effects
639
1
Expansion of gases; Condensation
640
1
Expansion of fluids; Diminution of cohesive powers; Boiling; Slow evaporation
641
1
Contraction; Freezing; Expansion of solids
642
1
Liquefaction; Cracks from heat
643
1
Permanent effects of heat; Glass drops; Tempering of metals
644
2
On the measures and the nature of heat
646
12
Measures of expansion; Pyrometer; Scale of heat
646
1
Mixtures; Sun's rays; Expansion of solids and fluids; Thermometers
647
1
Wedgwood's thermometer; Different scales
648
1
Temporary change of a thermometer; Air thermometers
649
1
Capacities for heat; Natural zero
650
1
Theory of capacities
651
1
Chemical effects; Latent heat
652
1
MrDavy's experiments; Intimate nature of heat; Theory of caloric; Confutation
653
1
Heat a quality; Newton's opinion; Vibrations
654
1
Mechanical effects of vibrations; Chemical effects; Comparison with sound
655
1
General inferences
656
2
On electricity in equilibrium
658
10
Utility of electrical hypotheses; Division of the subject
658
1
Supposed electric fluid; Its attractions and repulsions
659
1
Conductors and nonconductors
660
1
Positive and negative electricity; Local electricity; Distribution of electricity
661
1
Electricity of a sphere; Connected spheres
662
1
Difference of hydrostatic and electrical pressure; Attractions and repulsions
663
1
Induced electricity; Neutral point; Effects of attraction and repulsion
664
1
Currents of air; Bodies electrified in different degrees; Charge
665
1
Discharge; Shock; Coated jar; Battery; Comparison of conducting powers
666
2
On electricity in motion
668
17
Effects and causes of electrical motions, and electrical apparatus; Velocity
668
1
Spark; Perforation of a jar; Direction of the motion
669
1
Opinions respecting positive and negative electricity; Effects of electricity; Accumulation; Simple current; Electric light
670
1
Heat; Mechanical effects
671
1
Chemical effects; Sensible effects
672
1
Excitation of electricity; Electrics
673
1
Vapours; Tourmalin; Galvanic electricity; Chemical changes
674
1
Galvanic combinations; General taws
675
1
Particular facts; Pile of Volta
676
1
Troughs; Animal electricity
677
1
MrDavy's discoveries; Electrical nature of chemical attractions; Theory of the pile
678
1
Efficacy of decomposable substances
679
1
Electrical machines; Teylerian machine; Electrophorus
680
1
Condenser
681
1
Multiplier; Doublers; Electrical balance; Quadrant electrometer
682
1
Gold leaf electrometer; Lane's electrometer
683
1
General observations
684
1
On magnetism
685
11
Resemblance of magnetism and electricity; Theory
685
1
Conducting powers; Magnetical substances
686
1
Aurora borealis; North and South poles; Attractions and repulsions
687
1
Polarity; Arrangement of filings; Directive force
688
1
Terrestrial magnetism; Compass; Dipping needle; Illustration
689
1
Temporary magnetism: Natural magnet; Magnetic poles of the earth
690
1
Diurnal changes; Variation of the declination; Line of no declination
691
1
Dip; Artificial magnets
692
1
Double touch; Magnetic paste; Division of a magnet
693
1
Striking and ringing a magnet; Hammering brass; Solution in an acid
694
1
Resemblance of polarity to crystallization
695
1
On climates and winds
696
10
Meteorology; Division of the subject; Climates; Meteorological thermometers
696
1
Immediate effects of the sun
697
1
Provost's calculations; Variations of temperature; Slow changes
698
1
Heat of the sea; Effect of freezing and thawing; Heat of the atmosphere
699
1
Summer and winter; Temperatures of different pieces; Local variations
700
1
Winds; Periodical winds; Trade winds; Hadley
701
1
Halley's theory; Atmosphere of Jupiter; Greater heat of the northern hemisphere
702
1
Westerly winds; Local modifications; Monsoons
703
1
Laud and sea breezes; Hurricanes; Variations of the barometer
704
2
On aqueous and igneous meteors
706
17
Evaporation, and its effects; Theory of Deluc and Dalton
706
1
Quantity of water evaporating; Precipitation
707
1
Moisture; Mediterranean; Currents at the Straights; Attraction of moisture
708
1
BPrevost; Hygrometers
709
1
Natural hygrometer; Water contained in air
710
1
Visible vapour; Dew; Mists
711
1
Rain; Indications of the barometer; Effects of mountains
712
1
Periodical rains; Thunder and lightning
713
1
Atmospherical electricity; Thunderstorms
714
1
Conductors; Sudden condensations
715
1
Waterspouts; Aurora borealis; Earthquakes and Volcanos
716
1
Volcanic countries; Earthquakes of Calabria
717
1
Eruptions of Vesuvius
718
2
Geological changes; Reality of various changes
720
1
Effects of rivers and of the sea; Shooting stars
721
1
Falling stones
722
1
On vegetation
723
10
Sketch of natural history; Minerals; Vegetables
723
1
Animals
724
1
Distinctions of animals and vegetables
725
1
Description of a vegetable: Germination; Parts of plants
726
1
Vessels
727
1
Motion of the sap
728
1
MrKnight's experiments; Grafting
729
1
Diseases of plants; Exposure to the air; Linnean system
730
2
System of Jussieu
732
1
On animal life
733
9
Classification of animals, according to Linne
733
1
Mammalia; Birds
734
1
Amphibia; Fishes
735
1
Insects
736
1
Vermes
737
1
Senses; Nutrition
738
1
Nervous system
739
1
Nature of the nerves; Diseases
740
1
Natural cures
741
1
On the history of terrestrial physics
742
15
General retrospect; Knowledge of the ancients
742
1
Chinese; Numa; Thales; Anaximander; Anaximenes
743
1
Pythagoras; Anaxagoras; Democritus; Heraclitus; Plato
744
1
Aristotle; Epicurus
745
1
RBacon; Discovery of the compass; Gesner; Aldrovandus; Gilbert of Colchester
746
1
Variation of the compass; FBacon; Opinions of heat; Drebel
747
1
Harvey; Circulation of the blood; Barometer; Bauhins; Ray; Willughby
748
1
Philosophical societies; Variation charts
749
1
Electricity; Linnean system; Discoveries respecting beat
750
1
Theory of magnetism and electricity; Boscovich; Hygrometry
751
1
Galvanism; Pile of Volta
752
1
MrDavy's experiments; Dalton; Rumford
753
1
Herschel; Leslie; Capillary tubes; Laplace
754
1
Advantages to be expected from modern institutions
755
1
Chronological table
756
1
Explanation of the Plates
757