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Tables of Contents for Psychology for A2 Level
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Acknowledgements
xiv
About the Authors
xv
Introduction
3
1
How A2 differs from AS
3
1
The A2 examination
3
1
Answering essay questions
4
6
Deciding between options
10
2
Summary
12
1
Further reading
12
1
Web sites
12
1
An exercise
13
1
Part 1: Social Psychology
14
120
Social Cognition
16
42
Attribution of Causality
17
11
Attribution theories
18
4
Biases in the attribution process
22
6
Social Perception
28
11
Impression formation
28
3
Schema theory
31
8
Prejudice and Discrimination
39
19
Origins and maintenance of prejudice and discrimination
39
8
Reduction of prejudice and discrimination
47
5
Section summary
52
3
Further reading
55
1
Example examination questions
56
1
Examination tips
56
1
Web sites
57
1
Relationships
58
40
Attraction and the Formation of Relationships
59
10
Explanations of interpersonal attraction
59
4
Theories of attraction and the formation of relationships
63
6
Maintenance and Dissolution of Relationships
69
12
Maintenance of relationships
69
4
Dissolution of relationships
73
4
Theories of maintenance and dissolution in relationships
77
1
Psychological explanations of love
78
3
Cultural and Sub-cultural Differences in Relationships
81
17
Western and non-Western cultures
82
2
Other cultural variations
84
2
Sub-cultural differences in relationships
86
7
Section summary
93
3
Further reading
96
1
Example examination questions
96
1
Examination tips
97
1
Web sites
97
1
Pro-and Anti-social Behaviour
98
36
Nature and Causes of Aggression
99
11
Social psychological theories of aggression
100
9
Biological theories of aggression
109
1
Altruism and Bystander Behaviour
110
11
Altruism
110
4
Bystander behaviour
114
7
Media Influences on Pro- and Anti-social Behaviour
121
13
Explanations of media influence
121
3
Media influences on pro-social behaviour
124
1
Media influences on anti-social behaviour
125
3
Section summary
128
4
Further reading
132
1
Example examination questions
132
1
Examination tips
132
1
Web sites
133
1
Part 2: Physiological Psychology
134
94
Brain and Behaviour
136
32
Methods of Investigating the Brain
137
8
Non-invasive techniques
137
5
Invasive techniques
142
3
Localisation of Function in the Cerebral Cortex
145
11
What is localisation?
145
1
Anatomical organisation of the cerebral cortex
145
2
Functional organisation of the cerebral cortex
147
1
The primary motor area
147
1
The primary sensory areas
148
4
Association areas
152
3
Localised versus distributed function
155
1
Lateralisation of Function in the Cerebral Cortex
156
12
Split-brain studies
156
3
The organisation of language in the brain
159
1
Handedness
160
1
Emotion
161
1
Hemispheric asymmetry: An overview
162
1
Section summary
163
2
Further reading
165
1
Example examination questions
166
1
Examination tips
166
1
Web sites
167
1
Biological Rhythms---Sleep and Dreaming
168
30
Biological Rhythms
169
8
Different kinds of biological rhythm
169
1
The sleep---waking cycle: A circadian rhythm
170
3
The menstrual cycle: An infradian rhythm
173
1
Circannual rhythms
174
1
The consequences of disrupting biological rhythms
175
2
Sleep
177
10
Stages of sleep: An ultradian rhythm
177
3
Research studies of sleep deprivation
180
3
Theories of sleep
183
4
Dreaming
187
11
The nature of dreams
187
2
Theories of the functions of dreaming
189
5
Section summary
194
2
Further reading
196
1
Example examination questions
196
1
Examination tips
196
1
Web sites
197
1
Motivation and Emotion
198
30
Brain Mechanisms of Motivation
199
7
Hunger
200
4
Thirst
204
2
Theories of Motivation
206
8
Classifying motives
207
1
Physiological theories of motivation
207
3
Psychological theories of motivation
210
3
Conclusion
213
1
Emotion
214
14
Brain systems in emotion
214
3
Theories of emotion
217
7
Section summary
224
2
Further reading
226
1
Example examination questions
226
1
Examination tips
226
1
Web sites
227
1
Part 3: Cognitive Psychology
228
130
Attention and Pattern Recognition
230
42
Focused Attention
231
11
What is attention?
231
1
Focused auditory attention
232
6
Focused visual attention
238
4
Divided Attention
242
12
Research into divided attention
242
1
Theoretical accounts of divided attention
243
2
Practical applications of divided attention research
245
1
Automatic processing
246
4
Action slips
250
4
Pattern Recognition
254
18
Theories of pattern recognition
254
4
The role of biological mechanisms in pattern recognition
258
2
The role of context in pattern recognition
260
2
Face recognition
262
5
Section summary
267
3
Further reading
270
1
Example examination questions
270
1
Examination tips
271
1
Web sites
271
1
Perceptual Processes and Development
272
44
The Visual System
273
6
Structure and functions of the visual system
273
2
Research into the nature of visual information processing
275
4
Perceptual Organisation
279
20
Theories of visual perception
279
8
Perceptual organisation
287
12
Perceptual Development
299
17
Research methods used to study infants
299
1
Studies of perceptual development
300
5
Nature or nurture?
305
5
Section summary
310
3
Further reading
313
1
Example examination questions
313
1
Examination tips
314
1
Web sites
315
1
Language and Thought
316
42
Language and Culture
317
12
Language and thought
317
6
Social and cultural aspects of language use
323
6
Language Acquisition
329
9
Stages of language development
329
3
Explanations of language development
332
6
Problem Solving and Decision Making
338
20
Research into problem solving
338
10
Decision making
348
4
Section summary
352
3
Further reading
355
1
Example examination questions
356
1
Examination tips
356
1
Web sites
357
1
Part 4: Developmental Psychology
358
130
Cognitive Development
360
56
Development of Thinking
361
24
Piaget's theory
361
12
Vygotsky's theory
373
4
Information-processing approach
377
3
Practical applications to education
380
5
Development of Measured Intelligence
385
11
What is intelligence?
385
2
The role of genetics
387
4
Social and cultural influences
391
2
Intelligence and race
393
2
Evaluation of the heredity/environment debate
395
1
Development of Moral Understanding
396
20
What are morals?
396
1
Theories of the development of moral thinking
396
9
The development of moral behaviour
405
3
Theories of pro-social reasoning
408
2
Section summary
410
4
Further reading
414
1
Example examination questions
414
1
Examination tips
414
1
Web sites
415
1
Social and Personality Development
416
42
Personality Development
417
12
What is personality?
417
1
The psychodynamic approach
417
7
Social learning approaches
424
5
Gender Development
429
11
What is gender?
429
1
Observed gender differences
429
1
Psychological theories of gender development
430
6
Biological theories of gender development
436
4
Adolescence
440
18
Theories of social development in adolescence: The psychoanalytic approach
441
6
Theories of social development in adolescence: The sociological approach
447
4
Section summary
451
4
Further reading
455
1
Example examination questions
456
1
Examination tips
456
1
Web sites
457
1
Adulthood
458
30
Early and Middle Adulthood
459
6
Erikson's eight ages of man
459
2
Levinson's seasons of man's life
461
3
Gould's theory of the evolution of adult consciousness
464
1
Stage theories
465
1
Family and Relationships in Adulthood
465
8
The life events approach
465
2
Common and important life events in adulthood
467
6
Cognitive Changes in Late Adulthood
473
15
Cognitive changes in old age
473
2
Common life events in old age
475
3
Explanations of adjustment to old age
478
5
Section summary
483
3
Further reading
486
1
Example examination questions
486
1
Examination tips
486
1
Web sites
487
1
Part 5: Comparative Psychology
488
102
Determinants of Animal Behaviour
490
40
Evolutionary Explanations of Animal Behaviour
491
15
The facts of evolution
491
3
Darwin's theory of evolution
494
3
Evidence for the theory of natural selection
497
2
Evaluation and development of the theory of evolution
499
1
Biological explanations of apparent altruism
500
6
Classical and Operant Conditioning
506
10
Classical conditioning
506
3
Operant conditioning
509
7
Social Learning in Non-human Animals
516
14
Social learning
516
3
Foraging
519
2
Intelligence in non-human animals
521
4
Section summary
525
3
Further reading
528
1
Example examination questions
528
1
Examination tips
528
1
Web sites
529
1
Animal Cognition
530
32
Animal Navigation
531
7
Migration
532
1
Mechanisms involved in navigation
533
5
Animal Communication and Language
538
15
Animal communication
539
2
Ritualisation
541
1
Examples of animal communication
542
2
Language in non-human animals
544
2
Teaching human language to non-human animals
546
7
Memory
553
9
Memory in navigation
553
2
Memory in foraging
555
1
Section summary
556
3
Further reading
559
1
Example examination questions
560
1
Examination tips
560
1
Web sites
561
1
Evolutionary Explanations of Human Behaviour
562
28
Human Reproductive Behaviour
563
12
Natural selection and sexual selection
563
1
Anisogamy
564
2
Human reproductive behaviour
566
9
Evolutionary Explanations of Mental Disorders
575
5
Evolutionary explanations of human mental disorders
575
2
Applying evolutionary explanations to mental disorders
577
3
Evaluation of evolutionary explanations of human mental disorders
580
1
Evolution of Intelligence
580
10
What is intelligence?
580
1
Evolutionary factors in the development of human intelligence
581
2
The human brain
583
3
Section summary
586
2
Further reading
588
1
Example examination questions
588
1
Examination tips
589
1
Web sites
589
1
Part 6: Individual Differences
590
104
Issues in Classification and Diagnosis of Psychological Abnormality
592
34
Classificatory Systems
593
10
Symptoms and syndromes
593
1
DSM and ICD definitions of mental disorder
594
5
Difficulties in classifying psychological abnormality
599
4
Multiple Personality Disorder (Dissociative Identity Disorder)
603
9
What is multiple personality disorder?
604
3
Incidence
607
2
Explanations of multiple personality disorder
609
3
Culture-bound Syndromes
612
14
Are there culture-bound syndromes?
613
4
Cultural issues in the classification and diagnosis of psychological abnormality
617
3
Section summary
620
3
Further reading
623
1
Example examination questions
623
1
Examination tips
624
1
Web sites
624
2
Psychopathology
626
36
Schizophrenia
627
9
Causes of mental disorder
627
1
Clinical characteristics of schizophrenia
628
1
Biological explanation: Genetic factors
629
2
Biological explanation: Brain biochemistry
631
1
Biological explanation: Brain structure
632
1
Psychological explanation: Psychodynamic approach
633
1
Psychological explanation: Behavioural approach
633
1
Psychological explanation: Social factors
634
1
Conclusion
635
1
Depression
636
10
Clinical characteristics
636
1
Biological explanation: Genetic factors
636
2
Biological explanation: Brain biochemistry
638
1
Biological explanation: Endocrine system
639
1
Psychological explanation: Psychodynamic approach
640
1
Psychological explanation: Behavioural approach
641
1
Psychological explanation: Cognitive approach
642
2
Psychological explanation: Social factors
644
2
Anxiety Disorders
646
16
Phobias
646
2
Biological explanation: Genetic factors
648
2
Biological explanation: Neurophysiology
650
1
Psychological explanation: Psychodynamic theory
650
1
Psychological explanation: Behavioural approach
651
3
Psychological explanation: Cognitive approach
654
1
Psychological explanation: Social factors
655
1
Section summary
656
3
Further reading
659
1
Example examination questions
659
1
Examination tips
660
1
Web sites
661
1
Treating Mental Disorders
662
32
Biological (Somatic) Therapies
663
10
Psychosurgery
664
1
Electroconvulsive shock treatment
665
1
Drug therapy
666
4
General issues for evaluating therapies
670
3
Effectiveness of somatic therapy
673
1
Behavioural Therapies
673
6
Effectiveness of behavioural therapy
678
1
Alternatives to Biological and Behavioural Therapies
679
15
Cognitive therapy
679
2
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
681
1
Effectivenes of cognitive and cognitive-behavioural therapy
681
1
Psychodynamic therapy
682
3
Effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy
685
1
Comparisons between therapies: Meta-analysis
686
3
Section summary
689
3
Further reading
692
1
Example examination questions
692
1
Examination tips
693
1
Web sites
693
1
Part 7: Perspectives
694
90
Issues
696
34
Gender Bias
697
4
Gender stereotypes
697
1
Alpha bias and beta bias
698
2
Facts and values
700
1
Cultural Bias
701
5
Cultural differences
701
2
Emic and etic constructs
703
2
Racial bias
705
1
Ethical Issues
706
11
Ethics in social influence research
706
4
Socially sensitive research
710
3
Socially sensitive research areas
713
4
The Use of Non-human Animals
717
13
Animals in research
717
1
Society's views
718
1
Speciesism
719
1
Ethical issues
720
2
Ethical principles
722
2
Types of animal research
724
1
Section summary
724
3
Further reading
727
1
Example examination questions
728
1
Examination tips
728
1
Web sites
729
1
Debates
730
26
Free Will and Determinism
731
3
Determinism
731
2
Free will
733
1
Conclusions
734
1
Reductionism
734
4
Reductionism across scientific disciplines
735
2
Simplifying complex issues
737
1
Alternatives to reductionism
738
1
Psychology as Science
738
8
The nature of ``science''
738
1
A new definition for science
739
5
Non-scientific approaches to psychology
744
1
Summary and conclusions
745
1
Nature---Nurture
746
10
History of the nature---nurture debate
746
1
Nature or nurture
746
3
Researching nature and nurture
749
1
Resolving the nature---nurture controversy
750
1
Section summary
751
2
Further reading
753
1
Example examination questions
754
1
Examination tips
754
1
Web sites
755
1
Approaches in Psychology
756
28
The Biological Approach
758
3
A description of the biological approach
758
1
An evaluation of the biological approach
759
2
The Behavioural Approach
761
3
A description of the behavioural approach
761
1
An evaluation of the behavioural approach
762
2
The Psychodynamic Approach
764
4
A description of the psychodynamic approach
764
2
An evaluation of the psychodynamic approach
766
2
The Cognitive Approach
768
3
A description of the cognitive approach
768
2
An evaluation of the cognitive approach
770
1
The Humanistic Approach
771
3
A description of the humanistic approach
771
2
An evaluation of the humanistic approach
773
1
The Evolutionary Approach
774
2
A description of the evolutionary approach
774
2
An evaluation of the evolutionary approach
776
1
Social Constructionism
776
8
A description of the social constructionist approach
776
2
An evaluation of the social constructionist approach
778
1
Section summary
779
3
Further reading
782
1
Example examination questions
782
1
Examination tips
783
1
Web sites
783
1
Part 8: Coursework
784
30
The Coursework Report
786
10
Preparation: Design and project brief
787
1
The report
787
5
Section summary
792
1
Further reading
793
1
A checklist for your report
793
2
Summary of the coursework mark scheme
795
1
Statistical Tests
796
14
Descriptive statistics and statistical tests
797
1
Statistical significance
798
1
Tests of difference
799
4
Studies using correlational analysis
803
4
Using an inferential test for your coursework
807
1
Section summary
808
1
Further reading
809
1
Ideas for Coursework
810
4
Laboratory experiment
811
1
Field experiment
812
1
Survey and correlational study
812
1
Observational study
812
1
Further reading
813
1
Appendix: Tables of Significance
814
7
How to use the tables
815
6
Table 1: Mann-Whitney U test
816
2
Table 2: Sign test
818
1
Table 3: Wilcoxon signed ranks test
818
1
Table 4: Spearman's rho test
819
1
Table 5: Chi-squared test
820
1
References
821
36
Glossary
857
12
Author Index
869
14
Subject Index
883
12
Illustration Credits
895