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Tables of Contents for Source Water Assessment
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables
xi
List of Figures
xiii
Foreword
xix
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxiii
Executive Summary
xxv
Introduction
1
6
Background
1
6
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Report
2
2
Feasibility Analysis and Design of Research to Evaluate Microbiological Constituents and Treatability in Source Waters (Project 385)
4
2
Research Objectives
6
1
Criteria for Site Selection
7
6
Site Characterization
13
50
Introduction
13
1
Bull Run Watershed
13
4
Watershed Description
13
1
Watershed Management/Land Use
14
1
Water Quality and Quantity
14
3
Other Parameters
17
1
Allatoona Lake Watershed
17
6
Watershed Description
17
3
Watershed Management/Land Use
20
1
Water Quality and Quantity
21
1
Other Parameters
21
2
Mianus River Watershed
23
3
Watershed Description
23
1
Watershed Management/Land Use
24
1
Water Quality and Quantity
24
1
Other Parameters
24
2
Mississippi River Watershed At Davenport, IA
26
3
Watershed Description
26
1
Watershed Management/Land Use
26
1
Water Quality and Quantity
27
1
Other Parameters
27
2
Grand River Watershed
29
3
Watershed Description
29
1
Watershed Management/Land Use
29
1
Water Quality and Quantity
30
2
Other Parameters
32
1
Tennessee River Watershed At Chattanooga
32
31
Watershed Description
32
1
Watershed Management/Land Use
32
1
Water Quality and Quantity
33
1
Other Parameters
33
30
Materials and Methods
63
24
Method 1623
63
3
Description and Source of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts
63
1
Description and Source of Giardia Intestinalis Cysts
63
1
Water Sample Collection
64
1
Sample Collection and Elution Procedures
64
1
Immunomagnetic Separation Procedure
65
1
Epifluorescence Microscopy
66
1
Spiking Procedure for Quality Assurance
66
1
CC-PCR Method
66
3
In Vitro Cell Culture of C. parvum
66
1
Dissociation from IMS Beads
67
1
DNA Extraction from Oocysts and HCT-8 Cell Monolayers
67
1
Cell Culture PCR (CC-PCR)
68
1
Quantitative Sequence Detection
68
1
Genotyping of C. parvum Isolates
69
1
Clostridium Perfringens Analysis
69
1
Bacteriophage Analysis
70
1
Additional Water Quality and Quantity Data
71
1
Quality Control
71
6
Enumeration Procedures used in Spiking Studies
71
2
Inter-laboratory comparison
73
1
Spiked sample recoveries
74
3
Data Management
77
10
Data Collection, QA/QC and Storage
77
5
Preliminary Data Analysis and Data Dissemination
82
5
Trends in Pathogen Occurrence in Watersheds
87
28
Historical Water Quality Characterization
87
2
Water Quality Monitoring Results
89
4
Historical Context of Monitoring Program Results
92
1
Pathogen Detection in Watersheds
92
1
Temporal Variability in Water Quality
93
9
Sample Frequency
96
3
Seasonality Effects
99
1
Identification of Event Conditions
99
3
Watershed Characterization by the Variability and Vulnerability of Pathogen Occurrence
102
9
Conclusions
111
4
Comparision of Method 1623 and CC-PCR
115
12
USEPA Method 1623
115
1
Cell Culture-PCR Technique
115
2
Comparison of Methods by Site
117
6
Comparison of 1623 and CC-PCR Data
119
4
Analysis of DNA Sequences
123
4
Indicators for Protozoa Occurrence
127
14
Temporal Trends in Co-Occurrence
127
3
Statistical Relationships for Potential Indicators
130
9
Distributional Characterization
130
2
Correlations Analyses
132
3
Logistic Regression Analyses
135
2
Analyses of Variance
137
2
Conclusions
139
2
Watershed Monitoring Programs for Pathogens
141
18
Strategies and Approaches to Watershed Monitoring Program Designs
141
3
Surrogates for Protozoa Occurrence Variability
144
6
Duration Requirements for Watershed Monitoring
150
3
Conclusions
153
6
Modeling Options for Pathogens
159
20
Overview of the GAWSER Model
161
2
Alternative Approaches for Modeling Pathogen Occurrence in Watersheds
163
8
A Mechanistic Model of a Pathogen
164
4
A Mechanic Model of a Pathogen Surrogate
168
1
An Empirical Model of a Pathogen
169
1
A Diagnostic Analysis of the Existing Hydraulic Model
169
2
Conclusions
171
8
Conclusions, Recommendations, and Utility Applications
179
2
Temporal Variability
173
2
Evaluation of Cryptosporidium Methods
175
1
Relationship Between Protozoa and Water Quality Parameters
176
1
Assessment of Monitoring Program Designs
177
2
Evaluation of Hydrologic Modeling Tools
179
1
Conclusions and Recommendations
180
1
Appendix A: Julian Calendar
181
2
Appendix B: Sample Transfer Forms
183
4
Appendix C: Laboratory Benchsheets
187
3
Appendix D: Data Collection Sheets
190
7
Appendix E: Database Design
197
10
Appendix F: Additional Graphical Analyses
207
20
References
227
8
Abbreviations and Acronyms
235