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Tables of Contents for Removal of Bromate and Perchlorate in Conventional Ozone/Gac Systems
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Tables
ix
Figures
xi
Foreword
xv
Acknowledgments
xvii
Executive Summary
xix
Introduction
1
18
Background -- Bromate
1
1
Background -- Perchlorate
1
2
Previous Studies -- Bromate
3
13
Bromate Reduction with Various Influent Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
5
3
Bromate Reduction to Bromide
8
1
Bromate Reduction with Various Influent Nitrate Concentrations
9
4
Bromate Reduction with Various EBCTs
13
1
Verification of Biological Bromate Removal
14
2
Previous Studies -- Perchlorate
16
1
Objectives
17
2
Materials and Methods
19
20
Materials Used for Bromate Reduction Experiments
19
1
Water
19
1
Reagents
20
1
Methods Utilized for Bromate Reduction Experiments
20
10
Biologically Active Carbon- Small Columns
20
3
Biologically Active Carbon - Large Filter
23
2
Backwashing the BAC Filters
25
1
Heterotrophic Plate Counts
25
1
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
25
1
Plating Experiments
26
2
Dilution-to-Extinction Experiments
28
2
Serum Bottle Experiments
30
1
Materials Used for Perchlorate Reduction Experiments
30
1
Water
30
1
Reagents and Carbon
30
1
Methods Utilized for Perchlorate Reduction Experiments
31
6
Biologically Active Carbon Filters
31
1
Abiotic Batch Experiments
32
1
Batch Test Wash Experiments
32
1
Metal-Catalyzed GAC Filter Experiments
33
1
Metal-Catalyzed GAC Filter Wash Experiments
33
1
Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide/Perchlorate Batch Tests
33
1
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
34
1
Plating Experiments
34
1
Dilution-to-Extinction Experiments
35
1
Serum Bottle Experiments
35
2
Analytical Methods
37
2
Results and Discussion
39
60
Bromate
39
34
Verification of Biological Bromate Removal in the BAC Filters
39
3
Further Testing the Reproducibility of BAC Filters
42
1
Backwashing BAC Filters
42
2
Effect of the Initial Bromate Concentration
44
2
Effect of the Influent Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
46
3
Effect of the Influent Nitrate Concentration
49
2
Effect of the Influent Sulfate Concentration
51
1
Effect of pH
52
1
Effect of Source Water Type
53
7
Perchlorate Reduction in CUW
60
1
Microscopic Examination of Microorganisms in the Filters
60
2
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Experiment
62
2
Plating Experiments and Microbial Characterization
64
5
Dilution-to-Extinction Experiments
69
3
Serum Bottle Experiments
72
1
Perchlorate -- Abiotic Removal
73
7
Calculation of Ion Exchange Capacity for Virgin Norit GAC
73
1
Abiotic Batch Experiments
74
3
Wash Tests
77
1
Metal-Catalyzed GAC Experiments
77
3
Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide/Perchlorate Batch Tests
80
1
Perchlorate -- Biological Reduction
80
19
BAC Filteration Experiments
80
9
Batch Biological Experiments
89
7
Microscopic Examination of Microorganisms in the Filters
96
2
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Experiment
98
1
Activities at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
99
20
Introduction
99
1
Objectives
99
1
Bench Scale Mini-Column Study
100
11
Materials and Methods
100
4
Results and Discussion
104
7
Pilot-Scale Mobile Pilot Plant Study
111
8
Materials and Methods
111
4
Results
115
4
Summary and Conclusions
119
8
Bromate
119
3
Perchlorate
122
3
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California: Ozonated Water (No Added Electron Donor) for Bromate and Perchlorate Reduction
125
2
Recommendations to Utilities
127
2
References
129
8
Abbreviations
137
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