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Tables of Contents for Guidance Manual to Maintain Distribution System Water Quality
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables
xiii
List of Figures
xv
Foreword
xvii
Acknowledgements
xix
Executive Summary
xxi
Introduction and Use of the Manual
1
14
Overview and Purpose
1
7
Historical Perspective
1
2
Purpose of Guidance Manual
3
1
Use of Guidance Manual
4
2
Communication
6
2
Background on Distribution System Components
8
5
Distribution System
8
2
Finished Water Storage Facilities
10
1
Pumping Stations
11
1
Distribution System Valves
11
1
Hydrants
12
1
Meters
12
1
Blow-offs
13
1
Backflow Prevention Devices
13
1
Summary and Recommendations
13
2
Customer Expectations and Regulatory Requirements
15
26
Introduction
15
1
Water Quality Expectations
16
14
Customer Expectations
16
2
Utility Priorities
18
1
Alignment of Utility Priorities with Customer Expectations
19
10
Utility Constraints to Meeting Customer Expectations
29
1
Regulatory Requirements Related to Distribution System Water Quality
30
5
Current Regulations
30
5
Proposed Regulations
35
1
Summary and Recommendations
35
6
Customer Expectations
35
1
Regulatory Requirements
36
5
Problem Identification and Classification
41
30
Introduction
41
1
Microbiological Problems
42
7
Proliferation of Bacteria/Regrowth
42
3
Nitrification
45
1
Waterborne Disease
46
2
Worms/Insects
48
1
Chemical/Physical Problems
49
10
Disinfection By-Product Formation
50
1
Lead and Copper
51
2
pH Stability and Scale Formation
53
2
By-Products of Coatings and Linings
55
1
Maintenance of Disinfectant Residual
56
1
Sediment
57
2
Aesthetic Problems
59
10
Taste and Odor
66
2
Color/Appearance
68
1
Summary and Recommendations
69
2
Water Quality Monitoring
71
34
Introduction
71
1
A Rationale for Distribution System Water Quality Monitoring
72
1
Routine Monitoring
73
14
Development of a Sampling Plan
73
1
Monitoring Site Selection
74
2
Distribution System Test Parameters
76
7
Monitoring Frequencies
83
2
Field Sampling Protocols
85
2
Laboratory Considerations
87
1
Non-Routine Monitoring
87
8
Finished Water Storage Facilities
88
1
Water Quality Deterioration
89
2
Consumer Satisfaction and Water Quality Complaints
91
1
Service and Construction Activities
92
1
Emergency Monitoring
93
2
Data Management and Evaluation
95
2
Summary and Recommendations
97
8
Source Water Treatment Considerations
105
18
Introduction
105
1
pH Stability
106
1
Corrosion Control Using Chemical Treatment
107
4
pH and Alkalinity Adjustment
108
1
Corrosion Inhibitors
109
1
Calcium Adjustment
110
1
Primary Disinfection
111
3
Free Chlorine
111
1
Monochloramine
112
1
Ozone
112
1
Chlorine Dioxide
113
1
Ultraviolet Light Disinfection
113
1
Turbidity Removal
114
1
Removal of Organics
114
4
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filtration
115
1
Ozone/Biofiltration
116
1
Membrane Filtration
117
1
Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Softening
118
1
Iron and Manganese Removal
118
1
Summary and Recommendations
119
4
Operations Programs
123
52
Daily Operations
123
21
Hydraulic Detention Time
124
1
Pressure Requirements
125
1
Operation of Storage Facilities
126
8
Booster Disinfection
134
2
Pump Start-Up, Shut-Down, and Valve Operation
136
2
Response to Customer Complaints
138
1
Use of Hydraulic Models
139
1
Fire Flow Testing
140
1
Source Water Treatment Operational Goals
141
1
Blending
142
2
Seasonal Operations
144
5
Changes in Water Quality and Water Use
145
2
Changes in Water Availability
147
1
Nitrification
147
2
Other Seasonal Considerations
149
1
Emergency Operations
149
4
Contingency Planning
150
1
Use of Interconnections
151
1
Water Quality Issues
151
2
Energy Management and Water Quality
153
2
Power Supply
153
1
Pumping Operations
153
1
Pipe Friction
154
1
Energy and Water Quality Management System
154
1
SCADA Systems
155
2
Data Acquisition Function
155
1
Control Function
156
1
Cross Connection Control
157
7
Control Measures
158
3
Program Development
161
3
Summary and Recommendations
164
11
Daily Operations
164
1
Finished Water Storage Facilities
165
1
Booster Disinfection
165
1
Pump Start-up, Shut-down, and Valve Operation
166
1
Response to Customer Complaints
166
1
Use of Hydraulic Models
166
1
Blending
167
1
Seasonal Operations
167
1
Cross Connection Control
167
1
Other Operations Issues
168
7
Maintenance Programs
175
50
Introduction
175
1
Tools for Effective Maintenance Planning
175
5
Water Quality Monitoring
175
1
Work Planning
176
1
Inspection
177
2
Leak Detection
179
1
Maintenance Records
179
1
Flushing
180
19
Step 1 -- Determining the Appropriateness of Flushing as Part of a Utility Maintenance Program
181
2
Step 2 -- Planning and Managing a Flushing Program
183
8
Step 3 -- Implementing a Flushing Program and Data Collection
191
7
Step 4 -- Evaluating and Revising a Flushing Program
198
1
Other Maintenance Activities
199
15
Cleaning - Pipelines
199
3
Cleaning -- Storage Facilities
202
2
Storage Facility Appurtenances
204
1
Other Distribution System Appurtenances
205
2
Relining/Coating Pipelines
207
2
Sanitary Installation of New Facilities
209
3
Cathodic Protection
212
2
Emergency Repairs
214
2
Sanitary Repair Procedures
215
1
Storage Facilities
216
1
Summary and Recommendations
216
9
Maintenance Planning
216
1
System Flushing
217
1
Cleaning and Repair Programs
217
1
Other Maintenance Issues
218
7
Engineering and Design Considerations
225
38
Introduction
225
1
Planning Considerations
225
2
Water Distribution System Master Plan
226
1
Decision-Making Tools
226
1
Secondary Disinfection
227
4
Free Chlorine Systems and Booster Disinfection
227
2
Chloraminated Systems
229
2
Hydraulic and Water Quality Modeling
231
7
Hydraulic Model
231
2
Water Quality Model
233
5
Pipeline Design
238
6
Water Main Sizing
239
3
Pipeline Materials of Construction
242
2
Pipeline Rehabilitation and Replacement
244
3
Overview
244
1
Water Quality Assessment
245
1
Physical Assessment
246
1
Re-Engineering Pressure Zones
247
1
Finished Water Storage Facilities
248
9
Hydraulic Requirements
250
1
Types of Storage Facilities
251
1
Materials of Construction and Coatings
251
1
Preventing Dead Zones and Stagnant Water
252
2
Storage Facility Modifications
254
2
Cathodic Protection Systems
256
1
Summary and Recommendations
257
6
General
257
1
Planning Considerations
257
1
Secondary Disinfection
258
1
Hydraulic and Water Quality Models
258
1
Pipeline Design
259
1
Other Engineering Issues
259
4
Management
263
16
Introduction
263
1
Role of Top Management
263
7
Team Management
263
1
Funding Issues
264
1
Customer Relations
265
1
Regulatory Compliance
266
2
Competent Workforce
268
1
Investment in New Technologies
268
1
Planning
269
1
Written Policies and Procedures
270
5
Standard Operating Procedures
270
3
Comprehensive Monitoring Plans
273
1
Routine Inspections
274
1
Emergency Response Plans
274
1
Training Programs
275
1
Summary and Recommendations
276
3
Appendix A: Case and Field Studies (on Disk)
279
2
Appendix B: Flushing Standard Operating Procedure
281
4
Appendix C: Total Coliform Rule Team Charter
285
4
Glossary
289
16
References
305
16
Abbreviations
321