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Tables of Contents for Telemetry Systems Engineering
Telemetry System Definition
1
24
Telemetry System Overview
2
3
FDM System5
4
Pulse Code Modulation TDM9
2
Combination of FDM and TDM11
1
Modulator, Transmitter, and Antenna
11
1
FM/FM12
1
PCM/FM Generation12
1
Hybrid Systems: PCM/FM + FM/FM, PCM/FM/FM12
1
Transmission or Waveform Channel
12
1
Antennas, Receivers with RF and IF Amplifiers, and Carrier Demodulators
13
2
Frequency Division Demultiplexing15
1
Time Division Demultiplexing15
1
Hybrid Systems16
1
Data Processing, Handling, and Display
16
1
Supporting Equipment and Operations
16
2
Diversity Combining17
1
Predetection Recording18
1
IRIG Channel Standards
18
7
Problems21
2
References23
2
Analog Frequency Modulation
25
26
Time Domain FM Carrier Model26
1
FM Spectrum27
1
FM Bandwidth Requirements28
3
FM Modulation Implementation31
1
FM Demodulation Implementation31
2
FM/FM Definition33
1
IRIG Spectrum Utilization33
2
Systems Contaminated with Noise
35
5
Single-Channel FM35
1
FM/FM Noise36
4
FM/FM Multiplex Systems
40
1
PBW Channels40
1
CBW Channels40
1
Operational Filter Bandwidths
41
1
Receiver IF Bandwidth41
1
Video Filter Bandwidth41
1
Development of the FM Noise Model and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
41
4
Carrier Plus Noise Model41
1
Signal-to-Noise Ratios42
3
Threshold Description46
1
Threshold Carrier Model and Description46
1
Effect of Increasing the IF Bandwidth
47
1
Transmission Bandwidth Estimation
48
3
Problems48
2
References50
1
Design of FM/FM Systems
51
52
PBW Channels57
7
CBW Channels64
4
Signal-to-Noise Ratio for a Bandpass Filter68
1
Threshold Design Margin69
3
Changing the Preemphasis Schedule to Utilize Specified IF or Transmission Bandwidth
72
2
Bandwidth Utilization72
1
Design Equations72
2
Designing to a Specified Transmission Bandwidth
74
3
Design Process74
3
Designing the Preemphasis Schedule for Different Values for the Dsi's
77
3
Design Equations and Procedures77
2
Summary of the Results of Design Example 779
1
Designing the Preemphasis Schedule for the Minimum Transmission Bandwidth with Equal Dsi's (Concurrent All-Channel Dropout
80
4
Design Equations and Procedures80
4
Summary of Design Examples 6 and 8
84
1
Designing the Preemphasis Schedule for All-. Channel Dropout and Unequal Dsi's
84
3
Designing the Preemphasis Schedule for Different Specified Signal-to-Noise Ratios in the Channels
87
1
Hardware Implementation of the Preemphasis Schedule
88
3
Summary of Design Procedures
91
1
IRIG BIF Specifications
91
12
Preliminary Problems92
1
Regular Design Problems93
9
References102
1
Digital Communication Systems
103
18
Digital Communication System Overview
104
1
Communication System Signals
105
2
Analog Signals105
2
Digital Signals107
1
Quantization and A/D Conversion
107
6
Quantization Errors107
2
Hardware Implementation of Quantizers and Analog Converters109
4
Design Example115
1
Amplitude-Shift Keying116
1
Frequency-Shift Keying117
1
Phase-Shift Keying117
1
Problems118
1
References119
2
TM Channel Format Design
121
18
Line Coding or Transmission Format
121
5
Line Code Formats122
2
Characteristics of the NRZ and BiΦ Line Codes124
1
Delay Modulation Code Characteristics125
1
Power Spectrum125
1
Frame Design and Creation
126
6
Frame Design126
2
Frame Creation128
4
Frame Synchronization
132
4
False Lock133
1
Subframe Synchronization134
1
Minor Frame Sync Word Complement134
1
Recycle Subframe Synchronization134
1
Identification Subframe Synchronization135
1
IRIG Specification Overview
136
3
IRIG Fixed Format, Type I136
1
IRIG Type II137
1
Problems137
1
References138
1
Time Waveform140
1
PCM/FM Spectrum141
1
PCM/FM Bandwidth141
4
PCM/FM Transmitter System145
1
PCM/FM Receiving System146
2
BER in a PCM/FM System
148
4
BER in Terms of System Parameters148
3
Comparison of PCM/FM and Noncontinuous PCM/FM151
1
BER As a Function of Bit Rate152
1
Bit Synchronizer Performance
152
3
Setting the PCM/FM Transmission and Receiver System Operating Parameters in Terms of the Bit Rate for NRZ155
1
Design of PCM/FM for BiΦ-L (Manchester)
156
2
BER156
1
Setting System Parameters for a Minimum BER for BiΦ157
1
Signal-to-Noise Ratio from PCM, Including Quantization and Bit Error Noise
158
2
Actual PCM/FM Spectrum
160
7
Problems164
1
References165
2
Binary Phase-Shift Keying
167
28
Binary Phase-Shift Keying Model
168
2
BPSK Detection by a Correlation Receiver
170
5
No Noise172
1
With Noise173
2
Maximum Likelihood Detection
175
1
Bit Error Probability in Terms of No and Eb177
1
Model for General BPSK178
2
Actual Receiving Hardware
180
2
The Receiver180
1
The Bit Synchronizer and Matched Filter Implementation181
1
Comparison of BERs for BPSK and PCM/FM
182
2
Spectrum in a Practical System184
1
Overall Comparison Between PCM/FM and BPSK
185
1
BER185
1
Transmission Bandwidth185
1
Hardware Considerations186
1
General PM Modulation
186
1
Comparison of PM and FM Modulation
187
1
FM Modulation Employing a PM Modulator
188
2
Hardware to Achieve FM with a PM Modulator188
2
Differential Phase-Shift Keying
190
5
Problems192
2
References194
1
Binary Digital Communication Systems
195
24
BFSK196
5
Continuous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying201
6
BPSK, a Generalized Model
207
2
A Single-Carrier Dual-Baseband Representation for BPSK207
1
Differential Phase-Shift Keying208
1
Filtering and Nonlinear Amplification209
1
Bandwidth Efficiency: Spectrum, Filtering, and Bandwidth210
3
Power Efficiency: BER Performance213
2
Power and Bandwidth Efficiency Comparison215
1
Problems216
2
References218
1
M-ary Digital Communication Systems
219
32
M-ary Nonorthogonal FSK221
1
M-ary Orthogonal FSK222
1
M-ary PSK Introduction223
2
Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying (M = 4)225
10
Feher-Patented Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
235
7
Laboratory, Hardware, and Flight Testing of Newly Developed Spectrally Efficient Modulation Techniques240
2
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, Amplitude and Phase Keying
242
2
M-ary QAM243
1
Amplitude and Phase Keying243
1
BER Versus Symbol Error Rate244
1
Power Efficiency: BER Performance244
1
Bandwidth Efficiency: Spectrum, Filtering, and Bandwidth245
2
Power and Bandwidth Efficiency Comparison247
1
Problems248
1
References249
2
Spread Spectrum Communication Systems
251
16
Introduction to Spread Spectrum
252
1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
253
6
DS/BPSK Spread Spectrum253
5
DS/QPSK Spread Spectrum258
1
Examples of DSSS258
1
Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum
259
4
Slow-Frequency Hopping260
1
Fast-Frequency Hopping261
2
Problems265
1
References266
1
Antennas and Link Analysis
267
64
Telemetry Link Overview and Components
268
7
EIRP and Transmit Power Density269
2
Received Power271
4
Antenna Fundamentals
275
37
Basic Antenna Theory275
5
Radiation Patterns280
4
Directivity and Gain284
3
Antenna Impedance287
3
Antenna and Wave Polarization290
9
Common Practical Antennas299
13
Calculation of Carrier Power
312
9
Problems325
5
References330
1
Single Element Antennas
331
23
Blades332
4
Printed Circuit Antennas336
18
Problems363
3
References366
1
Receiver Noise Figure
368
6
Thermal Noise and Equivalent Temperature368
3
Noise Figure Definition371
3
Noise Figure of Passive Elements with Loss
374
1
Noise Figure and Temperature of a Cascaded System
375
6
Noise Figure and Temperature Summary377
4
G/T Measurement393
6
Problems400
2
References402
1
Telemetry Link RF System Design
403
28
RF Telemetry System Design
403
2
Transmitter Selection
405
1
Pattern and Gain408
5
Percent Spherical Coverage413
4
Transmit Antenna VSWR417
1
Ground Station Antennas
418
6
Pattern and Gain420
1
Use of Diversity421
3
Problems428
2
References430
1
Functions of the Bit Synchronizer
432
2
Bit Detector Function432
1
Clock Extractor Function433
1
Data Formatter Function433
1
Control Signals433
1
Hardware Block Implementation
434
4
Bit Detector Implementation434
1
Clock Extractor Implementation434
4
Synchronization Steps438
1
Digital Correlator439
1
Problems441
2
Reference443
2
Hybrid Systems, PCM/FM + FM/FM, PCM/FM/FM
445
26
PCM/FM + FM/FM System Design
446
8
Filter Specification447
1
Interference447
3
Impact of the Interference on the FM/FM Channel's Output [S/N]o450
3
Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Composite Modulation453
1
Carrier Deviation by the PCM Sequence and the Highest-Frequency Subcarrier454
1
Impact of the Subcarriers on the BER of the Bit Sequence454
1
PCM/FM + FM/FM Design Example
454
6
Constant Bandwidth Channels454
6
Selecting the Subcarriers for FM/FM461
1
Selecting the PCM Subcarrier Channel461
1
FM/FM Preemphasis Design462
1
Designing for the Output Signal-to-Noise in the PCM Channel462
1
PCM/FM/FM Design Example463
3
Problems466
1
PCM/FM/FM Design Problems467
2
References469
2
Convolutional Coding for Forward Error Correction
471
22
Convolutional Encoding
473
3
Two-Stage Encoder473
1
Convolutional Code Trellis474
2
Free Distance of a Convolutional Code
476
1
Hard Decisions482
1
Soft Decisions482
2
Coding Gains and BERs
484
1
Asymptotic Coding Gain485
1
Hardware Implementation
485
1
Comparison of Coded and Uncoded Systems
485
4
Relationship Between the Parameters of Coded and Uncoded Systems486
3
Hardware Decoder Implementation for PCM/FM
489
4
Problems491
1
References492
1
Industrial Telemetry
493
32
History of Industrial Telemetry
494
11
Computers499
2
Individual Circuits and Multidrop Circuits501
2
Telemetry Versus SCADA Versus Process Control503
2
Modern Industrial Applications
505
9
Petroleum Industries505
3
Power Utility Industry508
2
Railroad Transportation510
1
Manufacturing511
1
Municipal Water Supplies511
1
Fire-Life-Safety Systems512
1
Intelligent Transportation Systems512
1
Telephone and Cable Network Monitoring513
1
Industrial Communications Equipment
514
6
Temperature Measuring Devices514
1
Fluid and Gas Flow Measuring Devices515
1
Fluid Level Measuring Devices516
1
Other Measuring Devices517
1
Control Output Devices517
1
Field Control Devices518
1
Remote Control and Monitoring Computer Systems519
1
Interface Equipment520
1
Problems521
2
References523
2
Commercial Communications Techniques for Industrial Telemetry
525
18
Communications Techniques
526
10
The Analog 4- to 20-mA Current Loop526
1
The Recommended Standards RS-232, RS-422, and RS-485527
2
NRZ and Manchester Binary Signaling529
2
Wireline Modems531
3
Wireless Modems534
1
Accessing the Channel Using Modems535
1
Commercial Terrestrial and Satellite Communications Services535
1
Industrial Communications Protocols
536
3
HART Protocol537
1
Profibus538
1
Foundation Fieldbus538
1
The PLC and RTU Protocols539
1
The Future of Industrial Remote Monitoring and Control
539
4
Problems541
1
References542
1
Industrial Security Applications
543
10
Passive and Active Sensors544
1
Covert and Visible Sensors544
1
Other Classifications545
1
Ported Coax System546
1
Optical Cables546
1
Microwave Sensors546
1
Magnetic Field Sensors547
1
Ultrasonic and Infrasonic Sensors547
1
Video Motion Detectors548
1
Capacitance Proximity Sensors548
1
Prioritized Assessment549
1
Problems550
1
References551
2
Appendix A: IRIG Specifications
553
6
Appendix B: Frame Synchronization Words
559
2
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