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Tables of Contents for Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
xiii
Acknowledgments
xv
Introduction
xvii
Mushrooms, Civilization, and History
1
4
The Role of Mushrooms in Nature
5
12
The Mycorrhizal Gourmet Mushrooms: Matsutake, Boletus, Chanterelles, and Truffles
5
4
Parasitic Mushrooms: Blights of the Forest
9
2
Saprophytic Mushrooms: The Decomposers
11
2
The Global Environmental Shift and the Loss of Species Diversity
13
1
Catastrophia: Nature as a Substrate Supplier
14
1
Mushrooms and Toxic Wastes
14
1
Mushroom Mycelium and Mycofiltration
15
2
Selecting a Candidate for Cultivation
17
4
Natural Culture: Creating Mycological Landscapes
21
18
Methods of Mushroom Culture
24
1
Spore-Mass Inoculation
24
1
Transplantation: Mining Mycelium from Wild Patches
25
1
Inoculating Outdoor Substrates with Pure Cultured Spawn
26
3
When to Inoculate an Outdoor Mushroom Patch
29
1
Site Location of a Mushroom Patch
29
1
Stumps as Platforms for Growing Mushrooms
29
4
Log Culture
33
6
Permaculture with a Mycological Twist: The Stametsian Model for a Synergistic Mycosphere
39
6
Materials for Formulating a Fruiting Substrate
45
10
Raw Materials
46
1
Suitable Wood Types: Candidate Tree Species
46
4
Cereal Straws
50
1
Paper Products: Newspaper, Cardboard, Books
51
1
Corncobs and Cornstalks
51
1
Coffee and Banana Plants
52
1
Sugarcane Bagasse
52
1
Seed Hulls
52
1
Soybean Roughage (Okara)
52
1
Supplements
53
1
Structure of the Habitat
54
1
Biological Efficiency: An Expression of Yield
55
4
Homemade vs. Commercial Spawn
59
2
The Mushroom Life Cycle
61
12
The Six Vectors of Contamination
73
6
Mind and Methods for Mushroom Culture
79
6
Overview of Techniques for Cultivating Mushrooms
82
3
Culturing Mushroom Mycelium on Agar Media
85
12
Preparing Nutrified Agar Media
85
2
Pouring Agar Media
87
1
Starting a Mushroom Strain by Cloning
88
3
Cloning Wild vs. Cultivated Mushrooms
91
1
How to Collect Spores
91
1
Germinating Spores
92
3
Purifying a Culture
95
2
The Stock Culture Library: A Genetic Bank of Mushroom Strains
97
12
Preserving the Culture Library
97
2
The Stamets ``P'' Value System
99
2
Iconic Types of Mushroom Mycelium
101
7
The Event of Volunteer Primordia on Nutrified Agar Media
108
1
Evaluating a Mushroom Strain
109
10
Features for Evaluating and Selecting a Mushroom Strain
110
9
Generating Grain Spawn
119
26
Formulas for Creating Grain Spawn
121
2
First-Generation Grain Spawn Masters
123
3
Second-and Third-Generation Grain Spawn
126
3
Autoclavable Spawn Bags
129
4
Liquid-inoculation Techniques
133
1
Spore-Mass Inoculation
133
4
Liquid-inoculation Techniques: Mycelial Fragmentation and Fermentation
137
4
Pelletized (Granular) Spawn
141
1
Matching the Spawn with the Substrate: Critical Choices on the Mycelial Path
142
1
Spawn Storage
143
2
Creating Sawdust Spawn
145
4
Growing Mushrooms on Enriched Sawdust
149
18
The Supplemented Sawdust ``Fruiting''' Formula: Creating the Production Block
150
2
Testing for Moisture Content
152
1
Choosing a Sterilizer, aka Retort or Autoclave
153
1
Sterilization of Supplemented Substrates
154
3
Post-Autoclaving
157
1
Unloading the Autoclave
158
1
Atmospheric Steam Sterilization of Sawdust Substrates
158
2
Inoculation of Supplemented Sawdust: Creating the Production Block
160
4
Incubation of the Production Blocks
164
1
Achieving Full Colonization on Supplemented Sawdust
165
1
Handling the Blocks Post-Full Colonization
166
1
Cultivating Gourmet Mushrooms on Agricultural Waste Products
167
12
Alternative Fruiting Formulas
168
1
Heat-Treating the Bulk Substrate
169
1
The Hot Water Bath Method: Submerged Pasteurization
170
1
The ``Phase I'' Chamber: Steam Pasteurization
171
4
Alternative Methods for Rendering Straw and Other Bulk Materials for Cultivation
175
1
The Hydrated Lime Bath
175
1
The Bleach Bath
175
1
The Hydrogen Peroxide Technique
175
1
The High-Pressure Extrusion Method
176
1
The Detergent Bath
176
1
Yeast Fermentation
177
2
Cropping Containers
179
18
Tray Culture
179
4
Vertical Wall Culture
183
1
Slanted Wall or A-Frame Culture
183
1
Bag Culture
184
2
Column Culture
186
5
Bottle Culture
191
6
Casing: A Topsoil Promoting Mushroom Formation
197
4
Growth Parameters for Gourmet and Medicinal Mushroom Species
201
230
Spawn Run: Colonizing the Substrate
202
1
Primordia Formation: The Initiation Strategy
202
3
Fruitbody (Mushroom) Development
205
2
The Gilled Mushrooms
207
142
The Himematsutake Mushroom Agaricus blazei
208
9
The Portobello Mushroom Agaricus brunnescens
217
8
The Black Poplar Mushroom Agrocybe aegerita
225
4
The Shaggy Mane Coprinus comatus
229
4
The Enoki Mushroom Flammulina velutipes
233
6
The Clustered Wood-lovers
239
1
The Brown-Gilled Woodlover Hypholoma capnoides
240
4
Kuritake (The Chestnut Mushroom) Hypholoma sublateritium
244
4
The Beech Mushrooms
248
1
Buna-Shimeji Hypsizygus tessulatus
249
6
Shirotamogitake Hypsizygus ulmarius
255
4
The Shiitake Mushroom Lentinula edodes
259
17
The Nameko Mushroom Pholiota nameko
276
6
The Oyster Mushrooms
282
2
Golden Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus
284
6
The Abalone Mushroom Pleurotus cystidiosus
290
5
The Pink Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus djamor
295
6
The King Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus eryngii
301
4
The Tarragon Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus euosmus
305
3
The Tree Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus
308
8
The Phoenix or Indian Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius, ``P. sajor-caju''
316
5
The King Tuber Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus tuberregium
321
5
The Caramel Capped Psilocybes Psilocybe cyanescens complex
326
8
The King Stropharia Mushroom Stropharia rugosoannulata
334
7
The Paddy Straw Mushroom Volvariella volvacea
341
8
The Polypore Mushrooms
349
38
Reishi or Ling Chi Ganoderma lucidum
352
15
Maitake or Hen-of-the-Woods Grifola frondosa
367
10
Zhu Ling or the Umbrella Polypore Polyporus umbellatus
377
5
Turkey Tail or Yun Zhi Trametes versicolor
382
5
The Lion's Mane Hericium erinaceus
387
8
The Wood Ears Auricularia polytricha
395
6
The Jelly Mushrooms
401
8
White Jelly Mushroom Tremella fuciformis
402
7
The Cauliflower Mushrooms
409
6
The Cauliflower Mushroom Sparassis crispa
410
5
The Morels (Land-Fish Mushrooms)
415
16
The Morel Life Cycle
417
4
The Development of Indoor Morel Cultivation
421
1
The Black Morels Morchella angusticeps and Allies
422
9
Maximizing the Substrate's Potential through Species Sequencing
431
4
Harvesting, Storing, and Packaging Mushrooms for Market
435
8
Harvesting the Crop
435
2
Packaging and Storing the Crop for Market
437
2
Drying Mushrooms
439
1
Marketing the Product
440
3
Mushroom Recipes: Enjoying the Fruits of Your Labors
443
12
Cultivation Problems and Their Solutions: A Troubleshooting Guide
455
68
Agar Culture
458
1
Grain Culture
459
2
Straw Culture
461
1
Supplemented Sawdust Culture
462
1
Pre-harvest Period
463
1
Harvest Stage
463
2
Post-harvest
465
2
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Description of Environments for a Mushroom Farm
467
8
The Laboratory Complex
467
1
The Growing Room Complex
468
7
Appendix 2. Designing and Building a Spawn Laboratory
475
6
Design Criteria for a Spawn Laboratory
477
2
Good Clean Room Habits: Helpful Suggestions for Minimizing Contamination in the Laboratory
479
2
Appendix 3. The Growing Room: An Environment for Mushroom Formation and Growth
481
8
Design Criteria for the Growing Rooms
483
4
Managing the Growing Rooms: Good Habits for the Personnel
487
2
Appendix 4. Resource Directory
489
14
Recommended Mushroom Field Guides
489
1
Mushroom Book Suppliers
490
1
Annual Mushroom Festivals and Events
491
1
Mushroom Cultivation Seminars and Training Centers
492
1
Mushroom Study Tours and Adventures
493
1
International Mushroom Associations
493
1
North American Mushroom Societies and Associations
493
4
Mushroom Growers Associations
497
1
Sources for Mushroom Cultures
498
1
Sources for Mushroom Spawn
499
1
Sources for Marketing Information
500
1
Mushroom Newsletters and Journals
500
1
Mushroom Museums
501
1
Sources for Medicinal Mushroom Products
501
1
Mycological Resources on the Internet
502
1
Appendix 5. Analyses of Basic Materials Used in Substrate Preparation
503
16
Appendix 6. Data Conversion Tables
519
4
Glossary
523
6
Bibliography
529
24
Photo and Illustration Credits
553
2
Index
555