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Tables of Contents for Nanomedicine
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Table of Contents
vii
List of Figures
xiii
List of Tables
xvii
Foreword
xviiii
K. Eric Drexler
Preface and Acknowledgements
xxi
The Prospect of Nanomedicine
1
38
A Noble Enterprise
1
1
Current Medical Practice
2
23
The Evolution of Scientific Medicine
3
1
Prehistoric Medicine
3
1
Ancient Mesopotamian Medicine
3
1
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
4
1
Ancient Greek Medicine
5
1
Ancient Alexandrian Medicine
6
1
Ancient Roman Medicine
6
1
Medicine in the Middle Ages
7
1
Renaissance and Pre-Modern Medicine
8
2
Fully Invasive Surgery
10
1
Anatomy
10
1
Anesthesia
11
1
Germ Theory and Antisepsis
12
2
Cells and Tissues
14
1
Blood Transfusions
14
1
20th Century Medicine
14
2
21st Century Medicine
16
2
Volitional Normative Model of Disease
18
2
Treatment Methodology
20
1
Examination
20
1
Diagnosis
21
1
Prognosis and Treatment
22
1
Validation and Prophylaxis
22
1
Evolution of Bedside Practice
23
1
Specialization and Holistic Medicine
23
1
Customized Diagnosis and Therapeutics
23
1
The Physician-Patient Relationship
24
1
Changing View of the Human Body
24
1
The Nanomedical Perspective
25
12
Nanomedicine and Molecular Nanotechnology
25
2
Nanomedicine: History of the Idea
27
1
The Biological Tradition
27
2
The Mechanical Tradition
29
2
Nanomedicine in the 1990s
31
1
Biotechnology and Molecular Nanotechnology
31
4
Naturophilia
35
2
Background and Brief Overview of This Book
37
2
Pathways to Molecular Manufacturing
39
32
Is Molecular Manufacturing Possible?
39
1
Top-Down Approaches to Nanotechnology
40
3
Bottom-Up Pathways to Molecular Manufacturing
43
18
Biotechnology
43
3
Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry
46
10
Scanning Probe Technology
56
5
Molecular Components and Molecular Assemblers
61
10
Molecular Mechanical Components
61
3
Molecular Assemblers
64
7
Molecular Transport and Sortation
71
22
Human Body Chemical Composition
71
1
Diffusion Transport
71
6
Brownian Motion
72
1
Passive Diffusive Intake
72
1
Active Diffusive Intake
72
1
Diffusive Stirring
73
1
Diffusive Swimming
73
1
Diffusion Cascade Sortation
74
2
Nanocentrifuge Sortation
76
1
Membrane Filtration
77
3
Simple Nanosieving
77
1
Dynamic Pore Sizing
78
1
Gated Channels
79
1
Receptor-Based Transport
80
2
Transporter Pumps
80
1
Sorting Rotors
81
1
Internal Transport Streams
82
1
Molecular Receptor Engineering
82
11
Physical Forces in Molecular Recognition
82
2
Ligand-Receptor Affinity
84
1
Ligand-Receptor Specificity
85
1
Ligand-Receptor Dynamics
86
1
Diamondoid Receptor Design
86
1
Minimum Feature Size and Positioning Accuracy
87
1
Receptor Configurations
88
1
Imprint Model
88
1
Solid Mosaic Model
88
1
Tomographic Model
89
1
Pin Cushion Model
90
1
Construction Costs
90
1
Receptor Durability
90
1
Ligand-Receptor Mapping
90
1
Large Molecule Binding, Sorting, and Transport
91
2
Nanosensors and Nanoscale Scanning
93
30
Nanosensor Technology
93
1
Chemical and Molecular Nanosensors
93
4
Broadband Receptor Arrays
93
1
Narrowband Receptor Arrays
94
1
Counting Rotors
94
1
Chemical Assay
95
1
Chemical Nanosensor Theoretical Limits
95
1
Spatial Concentration Gradients
96
1
Temporal Concentration Gradients
96
1
Chemotactic Sensor Pads
96
1
Receptor Sensors
96
1
Displacement and Motion Sensors
97
5
Displacement Sensors
97
1
Velocity and Flow Rate Sensors
97
1
Acceleration Sensors
98
1
Box-Spring Accelerometers
98
1
Displacement Accelerometers
99
1
Fluid Acceleration Sensors
99
1
Pivoted Gyroscopic Accelerometers
99
1
Accelerative Onset
99
1
Angular Displacement
100
1
Gimballed Nanogyroscopes
100
1
Nanopendulum Orientation Sensing
100
2
Nanopendulum Tachometry
102
1
Force Nanosensors
102
3
Minimum Detectable Force
102
1
Nanogravimeters
102
1
Single-Proton Massometer
103
1
Isotope Discrimination
104
1
Pressure Sensing
105
2
Minimum Detectable Pressure
105
1
Spatial Pressure Gradients
106
1
Temporal Pressure Gradients
106
1
Ullage Sensors
106
1
Thermal Nanosensors
107
2
Minimum Detectable Temperature Change
107
1
Piston-Based Temperature Sensors
107
1
Thermal-Expansion Temperature Sensors
108
1
Mechanochemical Temperature Sensors
108
1
Spatial Thermal Gradients
108
1
Temporal Thermal Gradients
108
1
Electric and Magnetic Sensing
109
2
Electric Fields
109
1
Magnetic Fields
110
1
Optical Sensing
111
1
Particulate and High-Energy Radiation
111
1
Cellular Bioscanning
111
5
Cellular Topographics
112
1
Transcellular Acoustic Microscopy
112
1
Magnetic Resonance Cytotomography
113
1
Near-Field Optical Nanoimaging
114
1
Cell Volume Sensing
114
1
Noninvasive Neuroelectric Monitoring
115
1
Electric Field Neurosensing
115
1
Magnetic Field Neurosensing
115
1
Neurothermal Sensing
115
1
Direct Synaptic Monitoring
115
1
Other Neurosensing Techniques
115
1
Cellular RF and Microwave Oscillations
116
1
Macrosensing
116
2
Acoustic Macrosensing
116
1
Cyto-Auscultation
116
1
Blood Pressure and Pulse Detection
116
1
Respiratory Audition
117
1
Mechanical Body Noises
117
1
Vocalizations
117
1
Environmental Sources
118
1
Proprioceptive Macrosensing
118
5
Kinesthetic Macrosensing
118
1
Orientational Macrosensing
119
1
Body Weight Measurement
119
1
Gravitational Geographic Macrosensing
119
1
Electric/Magnetic Macrosensing
119
1
Vascular-Interstitial Closed Electric Circuits
119
1
Electric/Magnetic Geographic Macrosensing
120
1
Piezoelectric Stress Macrosensing
120
1
Optical Macrosensing
120
1
Neural Macrosensing
121
1
Other Macrosensing
121
2
Shapes and Metamorphic Surfaces
123
16
Flexible Form and Function
123
1
Optimum Nanorobot Shape
123
5
Free-Floating Solitary Nanodevices
123
1
Actively Swimming Nanodevices
124
1
Intracellular Nanodevices
125
1
Tessellating Nanodevice Aggregates: Nanotissues
125
1
Tiling Nondeforming Surfaces
125
1
Tiling Deforming Surfaces
126
1
Space-Filling Nanodevice Aggregates: Nano-Organs
127
1
Metamorphic Surfaces
128
8
General Design Considerations
129
1
Dimple Size
129
1
Keyhole Passage
129
1
Extensibility
129
1
Reactivity
129
1
Metamorphic Surface Configurations
130
1
Accordion Model
130
1
Parasol Model
130
2
Telescoping Model
132
1
Flexible Fabric Model
132
1
Block Exchange Model
133
1
Metamorphic Power and Control
133
1
Engulf Formations
134
1
Reconfiguring Surface-Penetrating Elements
134
1
Presentation Semaphores
135
1
Chromatic Modification
135
1
Metamorphic Bumpers
136
3
Nanojunction Mechanisms
136
1
Transbumper Communication
137
1
Bumper Mechanics
137
2
Power
139
38
Nanodevice Energy Resources
139
1
Energy Storage
139
3
Gravitational Energy Storage
139
1
Mechanical Energy Storage
139
1
Pendulums and Springs
139
1
Flywheels
139
1
Pressurized Fluids
140
1
Chemical Energy Storage
140
1
Electric and Magnetic Energy Storage
141
1
Nuclear Energy Storage
142
1
Power Conversion
142
18
Thermal Energy Conversion Processes
142
2
Mechanical Energy Conversion Processes
144
1
Acoustic Energy Conversion Processes
145
1
Chemical Energy Conversion Processes
146
1
Human Chemical Energy Resources
146
1
Biological Chemomechanical Power Conversion
147
1
Artificial Chemomechanical Power Conversion
148
1
Glucose Engine
149
3
Chemoelectric Cells
152
1
Electrical Energy Conversion Processes
153
2
Photonic Energy Conversion Processes
155
1
Nuclear Energy Conversion Processes
156
1
Radionuclides
156
3
Nuclear Fusion
159
1
Exothermal Nuclear Catalysis
159
1
Power Transmission
160
10
Acoustic Power Transmission
160
2
Inductive and Radiofrequency Power Transmission
162
3
Tethered Power Transmission
165
1
Electrical Tethers
165
1
Electromagnetic Tethers
166
1
Hydraulic and Acoustic Tethers
167
1
Gear Trains and Mechanical Tethers
167
2
Chemical Tethers
169
1
Power Tether Configurations In Vivo
169
1
Dedicated Energy Organs
169
1
Design Energetics Assessment
170
7
Power in Biological Cells
170
1
Thermogenic Limits in vivo
170
2
Nanorobot Power Scaling
172
1
Selection of Principal Power Source
173
1
Electrical vs. Mechanical Systems
173
1
Power Analysis in Design
174
1
Global Hypsithermal Limit
175
2
Communication
177
32
Nanorobot Communications Requirements
177
1
Communication Modalities
177
9
Chemical Broadcast Communication
177
1
Ideal Messenger Molecule
178
1
Diffusion-Limited Broadcast Rate
179
1
Instantaneous Stationary Source in Stationary Medium
179
1
Instantaneous Stationary Source in Flooded Tube
180
1
Continuous Stationary Source in Stationary Medium
180
1
Continuous Mobile Source in Stationary Medium
180
1
Continuous Stationary Source in Nonstationary Medium
180
1
Assessment of Chemical Broadcast Messaging
180
1
Acoustic Broadcast Communication
181
1
Acoustic Radiators
181
1
Free-Tissue Acoustic Channel Capacity
181
1
Electromagnetic Broadcast Communication
182
1
Nanomechanical Communication
183
1
Cable Communication
184
1
Electrical Cables
184
1
Infrared and Optical Cables
184
1
Acoustic Cables and Transmission Lines
184
1
Mechanical Cables
184
1
Chemomessenger Cables
185
1
Communicytes
185
1
Communication Networks
186
2
Fiber Networks
186
1
Mobile Networks
187
1
Networks Assessment
188
1
Dedicated Communication Organs
188
1
Communications Tasks
188
9
Inmessaging from External Sources
189
1
Inmessaging from Patient or User
189
1
Mechanical Inmessaging
189
1
Kinesthetic Inmessaging
190
1
Acoustic Inmessaging
191
1
Chemical Inmessaging
191
1
Electromagnetic and Thermal Inmessaging
191
1
Neural Inmessaging
192
1
Macroscale Inmessaging Transducers
192
1
Intradevice Messaging
192
1
Interdevice Messaging
193
1
Biocellular Messaging
193
1
Natural Cellular Communication
193
1
Inmessaging from Cells
194
1
Outmessaging to Cells
194
1
Cell Message Modification
194
2
Inmessaging from Neurons
196
1
Outmessaging to Neurons
196
1
Outmessaging to Patient or User
197
12
Somesthetic Outmessaging
197
1
Kinesthetic Outmessaging
198
1
Auditory Outmessaging
199
1
Gustatory and Olfactory Outmessaging
200
1
Ocular Outmessaging
201
3
Artificial Symptoms
204
1
Macroscale Outmessaging Transducers
204
2
Outmessaging to External Receivers
206
1
Transvenue Outmessaging
207
2
Navigation
209
66
Navigating the Human Body
209
1
Human Somatography
209
25
Navigational Vasculography
210
1
Arteriovenous Macrocirculation
210
1
Arteriovenous Microcirculation
211
3
Lymphatic System
214
5
Navigational Bronchography
219
3
Navigational Alimentography
222
5
Navigational Osteography
227
3
Organography and Histonavigation
230
4
Positional Navigation
234
4
Dead Reckoning
234
1
Cartotaxis
234
1
Microtransponder Networks
235
2
Vascular Bifurcation Detection
237
1
Macrotransponder Networks
237
1
Dedicated Navigational Organs
238
1
Functional Navigation
238
9
Thermographic Navigation
238
1
Thermography of the Human Body
238
2
Thermal Demarcation
240
1
Low-Resolution Thermographics
240
1
High-Resolution Thermographics
241
2
Barographic Navigation
243
1
Chemographic Navigation
244
2
Microbiotagraphics
246
1
Cytonavigation
247
26
Cytometrics
247
1
Cytoidentification
247
1
Identification of Self
248
4
Identification of Cell Type
252
3
Cytography
255
1
Overall Cell Structure
255
2
Cell Membrane
257
1
Cytosol
258
1
Ribosomes
259
1
Endoplasmic Reticulum
260
1
Golgi Complex
260
1
Vesicles, Granules, and Vaults
261
1
Lysosomes and Proteasomes
262
1
Peroxisomes
262
1
Mitochondria
262
2
Cytoskeleton
264
2
Cytonavigational Issues
266
2
Nucleography
268
1
Nuclear Envelope
269
1
Nuclear Pore Complexes
269
1
Nuclear Cortex
269
1
Nucleoplasm and Chromatin
269
1
Nucleolus
270
1
Nuclear Matrix and Transcript Domains
271
1
Nucleonavigational Issues
272
1
Ex Vivo Navigation
273
2
Epidermal Navigation
273
1
Exodermal Navigation
273
2
Manipulation and Locomotion
275
62
Nanorobot Dexterity and Mobility
275
1
Adhesion and Fluid Transport
275
10
Van der Waals Adhesion Forces
275
2
Electrostatic Adhesion Forces
277
1
Immersive Adhesion Forces
277
1
Capillarity and Nanoscale Fluid Flow
278
2
Pipe Flow
280
1
Effervescence and Crystallescence
281
1
Fluid Pumping and Plumbing
282
1
Pressure Release Pumps
282
1
Positive Displacement Pumps
282
1
Turbomolecular Gas Pumps
283
1
Nonmechanical Pumps
283
1
Fluid Mixing
284
1
Nanoplumbing and Fluidic Circuits
284
1
Containerized Flow
285
1
Nanomanipulators
285
13
Nanoscale Manipulators
285
1
Biological Cilia
286
1
Nanocilium Manipulators
286
1
Pneumatic Manipulators
287
2
Telescoping Manipulators
289
1
Stewart Platform Manipulators
290
1
Metamorphic Manipulators
290
1
Nanoscale End-Effectors and Tool Tips
291
1
Sensors and Manipulator Control
292
1
Manipulator Arrays
293
1
Materials Disassembly for Disposal
293
1
Morcellation and Mincing
293
1
Disposability Engineering
294
1
Diamondoid Decomposition
294
1
Grinding
295
1
Cleavage
296
1
Sonication
296
1
Thermal Decomposition
296
1
Molecular Mechanodecomposition
297
1
Chemical and Microbial Decomposition
297
1
In Vivo Locomotion
298
30
Rheology of Nanorobot-Rich Biofluids
299
1
Biofluid Viscosity
299
1
Viscosity of Whole Blood
299
2
Radial Distribution of Blood Elements
301
1
Viscosity of Nanorobot-Rich Blood
301
1
Bloodstream Velocity Profiles
302
1
Hematocrit Reduction in Narrow Vessels
303
1
Sanguinatation
303
1
Reynolds Number
303
2
Rotations and Collisions in sanguo
305
1
Disturbed Flows, Hydrodynamic Interactions, and Entropic Packing
306
2
Force and Power Requirements
308
1
Nanomechanisms for Natation
309
1
Surface Deformation
309
1
Inclined Plane
310
1
Volume Displacement
311
1
Viscous Anchoring
311
1
Additional Considerations
312
1
Cytoambulation
312
1
Ambulatory Contact Event
313
1
Cell Plasma Membrane Elasticity
314
1
Plasma Membrane Areal Expansion Elasticity
314
1
Plasma Membrane Shear Elasticity
315
1
Plasma Membrane Bending Elasticity
315
1
Anchoring and Dislodgement Forces
315
1
Contact Event Cycling
316
1
Legged Ambulation
316
1
Tank-Tread Rolling
317
1
Amoeboid Locomotion
317
1
Inchworm Locomotion
318
1
Histonatation
318
1
Nanorobot Diapedesis
318
1
ECM Brachiation
319
1
Interecellular Passage
320
1
Nanorobot Conjugation and Partition
321
1
Cytopenetration
321
1
Transmembrane Brachiation
321
1
Metamorphic Screw Drive
322
1
Solvation Wave Drive
322
1
Vesicle Fusion and Endocytotic Entry
322
1
Cytosolic Leakage During Transit
323
1
Breach Sealing and Intrusiveness
323
1
Nuclear Membrane Penetration
324
1
In Cyto Locomotion
324
1
Cytocarriage
325
1
Objectives of Cytocarriage
325
1
Cytovehicle Selection
325
1
Cytocarriage Initiation
326
1
Steering and Control
326
1
Navigation and Sensing
327
1
Cytovehicular Behavioral Control
328
1
Ex Vivo Locomotion
328
9
Dental Walking
328
1
Epidermal Locomotion
329
1
Nanoflight
330
1
Nanoflight and Reynolds Number
331
1
Nanoflight and Gravity
331
1
Buoyant Nanoballoons
331
1
Nanoflyer Force and Power Requirements
332
1
Hovering Flight
333
1
No-Fly Zones
334
3
Other Capabilities
337
40
Nanochronometry
337
5
Human Chronobiology
337
1
Artificial Nanoscale Oscillators
338
1
Mechanochemical & Photochemical Oscillators
339
1
Mechanical Oscillators
339
1
Acoustic Transmission Line Oscillators
340
1
Quartz Resonators
340
1
Atomic Frequency Standards
341
1
Nanorobot Synchronization
341
1
Dedicated Chronometer Organs
342
1
Nanocomputers
342
11
Nanomechanical Computers
343
2
Nanoelectronic Computers
345
1
Molecular Wires
345
1
Electromechanical Molecular Switching Devices
346
1
Field-Controlled Molecular Switching Devices
347
1
Other Molecular Electronic Devices
348
1
Molecular Electrostatic Field Computers
348
1
Biocomputers
349
1
Biochemical Computers
349
1
Biomechanical Computers
350
1
Organic and Bioelectronic Computers
351
1
Ultimate Limits to Computation
351
1
Reversible Computers
352
1
Quantum Computers
352
1
Bekenstein-Bounded Computation
353
1
Dedicated Computational Organs
353
1
Pressure Storage and Ballasting
353
6
Fluid Storage Tank Scaling
353
1
The Van der Waals Equation
354
1
Pressure-Altered Physical Properties
355
1
Vessel Leakage and Flammability
356
2
Vacuum Pumping and Storage
358
1
Buoyancy Control and Nanapheresis
358
1
Cytocide and Virucide
359
13
Biochemical Cytocide and Virucide
359
1
Apoptosis
359
2
Phagocytic Flagging
361
1
Cell Division Arrest
362
1
Chemical Poisoning
362
5
Mechanical Cytocide and Virucide
367
1
Transmembrane Siphonation and Ionic Disequilibration
367
1
Mechanical Cytoskeletolysis and Monkeywrenching
367
1
Gross Cellular Disruption
368
1
Mechanical Virucide
369
1
Sequester and Transport (ST)
369
1
Digest and Discharge (DD)
369
1
Mechanical Bacteriocide
370
1
Desiccate, Sequester & Transport (DST)
370
1
Neuter and Release (NR)
371
1
Liquefy, Digest and Discharge (LDD)
372
1
Cytocarriage Disposal
372
1
Temperature Effects on Medical Nanorobots
372
5
Dimensional Stability and Strength
372
1
Viscosity and Locomotion in Ice
372
1
Solubility and Solvents
373
1
Heat Conductivity and Capacity, and Refrigeration
374
1
Other Temperature-Dependent Properties
375
2
Afterword
377
4
Ralph C. Merkle
Appendix A. Useful Data in Medical Nanodevice Design
381
6
Appendix B. Concentrations of Human Blood Components
387
6
Appendix C. Catalog of Distinct Cell Types in the Adult Human Body
393
4
Glossary
397
36
References
433
56
Index
489