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Tables of Contents for Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
Executive Summary
Introduction
1
6
Process Description
1
1
Site Identification
2
1
Introduction
2
1
Selection Decision
2
1
Alternative Sites
3
1
Project Overview
3
4
Measurement Procedures
7
6
Measurement Procedures for Characterizing the Matrix
7
2
Contaminant
7
1
Geology
7
1
Remediation Feasibility Testing
8
1
Geotechnical
9
1
Oxidation Potential
9
1
Measurement Procedures for Monitoring Operating Parameters
9
4
Vapor
9
1
Condensate
10
1
RF Heating System Operation
10
1
Soil
11
1
Oxidation Potential
11
2
Summary of Technology Demonstration
13
56
Introduction
13
1
RF Heating
13
10
RF Electromagnetic Antennae
14
1
Key Components of Radio Frequency Heating System
15
1
Control and Diagnostic Center
16
1
Radio Frequency Generator and Tuner
17
1
RF Antenna
18
1
Vector Voltmeter
18
1
Fiber Optic Thermometer
19
1
Electrical and Magnetic Properties
19
1
Heating Mechanisms
20
1
Volume Power Generation
21
1
Important Implications for the Kirtland Air Force Base Site
21
1
Example of Low Loss Soil: Clean Fine Builder's Sand
22
1
Demonstration Project Approach
23
2
Test Site Description
25
7
Demonstration Site Location
25
1
Site Description Standard Terminology
25
1
Past Usage
25
1
Site Characteristics
25
3
Electrical Properties of the Soil
28
1
Methods
28
1
Results
29
2
Contaminant Types
31
1
Concentration Data
31
1
Procedures and Field Implementation
32
6
Modeling and Design of Soil Vapor Extraction System
32
2
RF-SVE Demonstration System
34
2
Operating Parameters
36
1
Volumes Considered for Analysis
36
1
RF-SVE Modes of Operation
37
1
Countercurrent Mode of RF-SVE Operation
37
1
Cocurrent Mode of SVE Operation
38
1
Five-Spot Mode of RF-SVE Operation
38
1
Demonstration Project Chronology
38
1
Demonstration Results
39
27
Summary of Results
39
3
RF Energy Supplied
42
1
Heat Utilization
42
3
Test Volume Temperature
45
2
Water and DRO Contaminant Removal
47
3
Mass Balances
50
1
DRO Condensate Analyses
51
5
Partitioning Interwell Tracer Tests
56
1
Background on Tracer Tests
56
2
Purpose of the PITT Study
58
1
Laboratory Studies
58
1
PITT Field Tests
59
2
PITT Conclusions
61
1
Thermal and Biological Oxidation Rates
62
1
Respirometry Tests
62
1
Thermal Oxidation
62
3
Biooxidation
65
1
Conclusions
66
1
RF Heating of Soil
66
1
Chemical Removal from Soil
66
1
Design Recommendations
66
3
Design Considerations
66
2
RF-SVE Operation
68
1
Engineering Design
69
16
Hypothetical Site Conditions
69
2
Treatment Systems
71
4
Treatment Compound
71
1
Mobile RF Heating Units
71
1
Control and Diagnostic Computer
71
1
Radio Frequency Generator and Tuner
72
1
RF Antenna
72
1
Fiber Optic Thermometer
72
1
Soil Vapor Extraction System
72
2
Vapor Treatment System
74
1
Operations Trailer
74
1
System Piping
75
1
Instrumentation and Controls
75
1
Utilities
75
1
Process Equipment Performance Factors and Specifications
75
1
Heat Balances
76
5
Heat Balance for Case 1
77
2
Heat Balance for Case 2
79
2
Contaminant Mass Removal
81
4
Mass Removal---Case 1
81
2
Mass Removal---Case 2
83
2
Costs and Economic Analysis
85
10
Standardized Cost Breakdown
85
3
Significant Cost Items
85
2
Unit Costs---Case 1 and Case 2
87
1
Project Management
87
1
Health and Safety Considerations
87
1
Utility Requirements and Considerations
88
1
Start-Up, Modifications, and Repairs
88
1
Economic Analysis Factors
88
7
Process Design Assumptions/Basis for Costs
88
1
Alternative SVE-HPO Cost Study
89
2
Capital and O&M Costs
91
1
Scale-Up Requirements and Limitations
92
1
RF-SVE Project Costs Compared to Similar Technologies
93
1
RF-SVE Project Costs Compared to Alternative Technologies
93
2
Potential Applications
95
228
Performance Parameters
95
4
Maximizing Treatment Rate
95
1
Site Characteristics Affecting Cost or Performance
96
1
Site Matrix Characteristics and Potential Effects on Treatment Cost or Performance
97
1
Operating Parameters: Measurement Procedures and Potential Effects on Treatment Cost or Performance
98
1
Regulatory and Compliance Factors
99
1
Potential Applications
99
1
Site Characteristics Suitable for RF-SVE
99
1
Contaminants and Concentration Ranges
100
1
Economic Factors
100
1
Regulatory Requirements
100
1
RF Heating in Conjunction with Other Technologies
100
3
RF Heating with Bioventing
100
1
RF Heating with SVE-Air Sparging
100
1
RF to Heat NAPL or DNAPL
101
2
Appendices
Appendix A Demonstration Mass Balance Calculations
103
24
Appendix B Summary of Demonstration Recorded Data
127
16
Appendix C Demonstration Heat Balance and Calculations
143
42
Appendix D Demonstration RF Energy Data
185
8
Appendix E Idealized Scenarios for Kirtland AFB RF-SVE Demonstration
193
18
Appendix F Organic Compound Vapor Pressures
211
6
Appendix G Partitioning Interwell Tracer Tests (PITT)
217
54
Appendix H Engineering Drawings of Hypothetical Designs
271
8
Appendix I Equipment Catalog Cut-Sheet References
279
6
Appendix J Mass & Heat Balance Calculations for the Three Hypothetical Design Cases
285
18
Appendix K Cost Estimates for the Three Hypothetical Design Cases
303
16
References
Monograph References
319
2
Related References
321
2
Index
323