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Tables of Contents for Natural Hazard Mitigation
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Figures and Tables
xi
4
Preface
xv
Part I Coping with Floods, Earthquakes, and Hurricanes: U.S. Hazard Mitigation Policy
3
100
1. Mitigating Natural Hazards: A National Challenge
3
24
Importance of Natural Hazard Mitigation
4
2
Box 1.1 Record Natural Disasters of the 1990s
6
4
Natural Hazard Mitigation Policy Framework
10
2
Box 1.2 The National Mitigation Strategy: Partnerships for Building Safer Communities
12
5
Assessing the Effectiveness of Hazard Mitigation
17
5
Structure of the Book
22
1
Notes
23
1
References
23
4
2. Evolving Mitigation Policy Directions
27
76
History and Evolution of Mitigation and Disaster Assistance Policy
27
11
Critically Assessing the Current Framework
38
16
Recent Legislative and Policy Development Activity
54
11
Major Trends in Mitigation Policy; Common Themes in the Debate
65
14
Conclusions
79
1
Notes
79
2
References
81
22
Part II Mitigation in Action: Six Disaster Cases
103
224
3. Florida After Hurricane Andrew
103
58
The Hurricane Event
103
1
Damage Costs from Andrew
104
2
A Vulnerable South Florida
106
3
The Pre-Andrew Planning and Mitigation Framework
109
5
Response and Recovery from the Storm
114
1
Mitigation Activities and Opportunities
115
16
Key Policy Issues Emerging After the Storm
131
16
Recent Initiatives and Future Directions in Florida
147
4
Conclusions and Recommendations
151
3
Florida Update
154
3
Note
157
1
References
157
2
Persons Interviewed
159
2
4. Missouri After Midwest Floods of 1993
161
32
The Disaster Events
161
2
Missouri's 1994 Section 409 Plan
163
2
Missouri's Hazard Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process
165
4
Results
169
11
Conclusions and Recommendations
180
10
1997 Update
190
1
Notes
191
1
References
192
1
Persons Interviewed
192
1
5. Iowa After the Midwest Floods of 1993
193
38
The Disaster Events
193
1
Iowa's Section 409 Plan
194
2
Iowa's Hazard Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process
196
8
Results
204
10
Conclusions and Recommendations
214
11
1997 Update
225
2
Acknowledgments
227
1
Note
227
1
References
227
1
Persons Interviewed
228
3
6. California After the Loma Prieta and Northridge Earthquakes
231
46
Two Earthquake Disasters
231
5
California's Section 409 Plan
236
3
California's Earthquake Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process
239
7
Influences on Recovery and Mitigation
246
13
Results
259
8
Issues
267
3
Conclusions and Recommendations
270
3
Acknowledgments
273
1
Note
273
1
References
273
1
Persons Interviewed
274
3
7. Massachusetts After Hurricane Bob and Other Storms
277
22
The Disaster Events
277
2
Massachusetts's 1993 Section 409 Plan
279
2
Massachusetts's Hazard Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process
281
7
Results
288
3
Conclusions and Recommendations
291
4
Note
295
1
References
296
1
Persons Interviewed
296
3
8. Tennessee After a Series of Floods and Storms
299
28
The Disaster Events
299
1
Tennessee's 1994 Section 409 Plan
300
1
Tennessee's Hazard Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process
301
6
Results
307
6
Conclusions and Recommendations
313
5
1997 Update
318
2
Note
320
1
References
320
1
Persons Interviewed
320
7
Part III Assessing the National Mitigation System
327
152
9. State Hazard Mitigation Plans: Falling Short of Their Potential
327
66
Collecting and Evaluating the Plans: Study Methodology
328
4
Question One: Are the Requirements of the Stafford Act Being Met?
332
5
Question Two: What Are the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Plans?
337
26
Summary of Problems with Most State Hazard Mitigation Plans
363
2
Recommendations for Making Better State Hazard Mitigation Plans
365
4
Note
369
1
References
369
1
Appendix 9.A: Section 409 Plan Collection
370
3
Appendix 9.B: Guide for Describing and Evaluating Section 409 Plans
373
20
10. The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program: Scattered Spending
393
60
The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
393
1
Building a Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Funding Database
394
1
Section 404 Program Expenditure Patterns, 1988-1995
395
30
Policy Implications
425
6
Reinventing the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
431
3
References
434
1
Appendix 10.A: Summary of HMGP Applications and Funding for All Declared Disasters by Disaster Type, 11/24/88-4/21/95 (FEMA-818-DR-NC--FEMA-1047-DR-AL)
435
13
Appendix 10.B: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Project Categories and Subcategories
448
Notes
434
11. State Implementation of Natural Disaster Mitigation Policy: A Flawed System
453
26
The Stafford Act Framework
454
1
Conceptual Framework of an Intergovernmental System for Mitigation Planning
455
2
Assessing Linkages: Analytic Methods
457
3
Findings
460
12
Implications for Reforming Natural Disaster Mitigation Policy
472
1
Notes
473
1
References
474
5
Part IV Recasting the National Mitigation System
479
74
12. Ethical Guidelines for Hazard Mitigation
479
46
Understanding Mitigation Ethics
479
1
Ethical Roles and Responsibilities
480
15
Competing Values in Mitigation
495
11
Fairness in Mitigation
506
8
Ethical Aspects of Mitigation Analyses
514
2
Guidelines for Ethical Mitigation
516
6
Notes
522
1
References
523
2
13. Natural Hazard Mitigation: Planning for Sustainable Communities
525
28
Sustainable Communities: The New Vision for Natural Hazard Mitigation
525
3
Breaking Through to Sustainbility: Summary of Recommendations
528
1
Reforming the Intergovernmental Mitigation System
528
8
Reforming Mitigation Policy
536
8
Reforming Mitigation Practice
544
5
Conclusion: Creating a Supportive Climate for Mitigation
549
1
Postscript
550
1
References
551
2
About the Authors
553
4
Index
557