Foreword

Victor Terras

Introduction

Definitions

Tradition

The Interaction of Russian Expatriate Writers with the West

The Pre-Soviet Period

Origins

Oleg's shield, Treaties with Byzantium, Anna Yaroslavna

Pilgrims

Abbot Daniil, Archbishop Antony of Novgorod, Stefan, Anonymous Travel Guide to Byzantium, Ignaty of Smolensk, Zosima of the Trinity-Sergiev Monastery, Varsonofy, Vasily Gagara, Arseny Sukhanov, Vasily Polozov, Ioann Luk'yanov, Andrei Ignat'ev, Ippolit Vishensky, Varlaam Lenitsky, Matvei Nechaev

Travellers

The Deacon Aleksandr, The Merchant Vasily, Afanasy Nikitin, Sergy Cherkashenin, Vasily Trediakovsky, Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Nikolai Karamzin, Nikolai Bestuzhev, Fedor Dostoevsky, Vasily Botkin

Diplomats

Vasily Poznyakov, Trifon Korobeinikov, Petr Tolstoi, Ivan Neplyuev, Antiokh Kantemir, Aleksandr Griboedov, Fedor Tyutchev, Petr Kapnist, Petr Vyazemsky, Konstantin Leont'ev

Expatriates

Zinaida Volkonskaya, Karolina Pavlova, Vasily Zhukovsky, Nikolai Gogol', Ivan Turgenev, Vladimir Pecherin, Ivan Gagarin, Pavel Annenkov, Petr Boborykin, Elena Blavatskaya, Elena Kryzhanovskaya, Leonid Andreev, Maksim Gor'ky, Maksimilian Voloshin

The Politicals

Exile Within the Empire

Avvakum, Aleksandr Radischev, Aleksandr Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Aleksandr Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker (Vil'gel'm Kyukhelbeker), Petr Chaadaev, Mikhail Lunin, Fedor Dostoevsky (once more)

Exiles Abroad

Pre-Nineteenth Century

Andrei Kurbsky, Grigory Kotoshikhin, Nikolai Turgenev, Nikolai Sazonov, Ivan Golovin

Nineteenth Century

Moderates

Petr Dolgorukov, Aleksandr Gertsen (Herzen), Nikolai Ogarev

Early Radicals

Nikolai Vorms, Sergei Nechaev, Mikhail Bakunin, Petr Lavrov, Petr Tkachev, Petr Kropotkin, Georgy Plekhanov, Sergei Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, Feliks Volkhovsky, Boris Savinkov

Future Soviet Leaders

Valdimir Lenin, Vatslav Vorovsky, Aleksandr Bogdanov-Malinovsky, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Lev Trotsky, Nikolai Bukharin

Religious Dissenters

Vladimir Chertkov, Valdimir Bonch-Bruevich

America: Economic and Religious Emigration

Alaska

Demographics

Poverty

Journalism

The Jews

Writers

A. S. Kurbsky, G. A. Machtet, Vladimir Stoleshnikov, Osip Dymov

The Soviet Period

The First Wave

Statistics

Politics

Rage

Political Fragmentation & Hopes for Intervention

The Church

The Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)

The Men'sheviks

The Social Revolutionaries (SRs)

Monarchism

The Changing Landmarks Movement

Smena vekh

Eurasianism

The Mladoross (Young Russian) League

Solidarism

The Russian Fascists

Postrevolutionary (porevolyustionnye) Movements

The Trust

Emigre Terrorism in Russia

Freemasonry and the Jews

The Soviet Government and the Emigre Press

Repatriation

Soviet-Emigre Relations

Geography

Gallipoli and Istanbul

Berlin

Paris

Brussels

Prague

Belgrade

Warsaw

Sofia

Riga

Tallinn

Finland and Scandinavia

Kovno (Kaunas)

Zurich-Geneva

Kishinev (Chisinau)

Uzhgorod

London

Rome

Harbin

Shanghai

Buenos Aires

Sao Paolo

Jerusalem

British Columbia

San Francisco-Los Angeles

New York

Athens

Tokyo

Sydney/Melbourne

Other Locations

The Nansen Certificate

The Publishing Marketplace

Philosophers and Essayists

Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, Lev Shestov, Dmitry Filosofov, Georgy Fedotov

Self-Evaluation: A Mission? Keepers of Culture

Literature

``Older'' and ``Younger'' Generations

Symbolism

Lev Kobylinsky (Ellis), Konstantin Bal'mont, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Zinaida Gippius

The Parisian Note

Georgy Ivanov, Anatoly Shteiger

Experimenters

Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Poplavsky, Igor' Severyanin

Independents

Vladislav Khodasevich, Dovid Knut, Aleksandr Vertinsky

The Realists

Ivan Bunin, Maksim Gor'ky, Semen Yushkevich, Mikhail Artsybashev, Mikhail Osorgin

Exaggerated Prose

Andrei Bely, Evgeny Zamyatin, Vladimir Nabokov (Sirin)

Historical Movelists

Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Mark Aldanov

Whimsical Writers

Viktor Shklovsky, Gaito Gazdanov, Arkady Averchenko, Nadezhda Teffi, Aleksandr Amfiteatrov

Theater

Poverty and Isolation

Former Tsarist Exiles in Positions of Power

The Approaching War

The Second Wave

World War II

The Early Postwar Period

Cynicism

Further Dispersion

The Late 1940s and 1950s

Composition of the Emigre Community

Political Groupings

Relations Between ``First'' and ``Second'' Waves

Geography

Periodicals and Radio

Shul'gin's Open Letter

Prose Writers

Sergei Maksimov, Anatoly Darov, Tat'yana Fesenko, Nikolai Narokov (Morshen), Irina Saburova

Poets

Igor' Chinnov, Ivan Elagin, Nikolai Morshen, Dmitry Klenovsky, Oleg Il'insky, Yury Ivask

The 2 1/2 Wave

Alla Ktorova, Valery Tarsis, Arkady Belinkov, Anatoly Kuznetsov

The Third Wave

Leaving

Russian Jews or Jewish Russians? A Crisis of Identity, Background, Self-Image, The Soviet Position on Emigration, Deprivation of Citizenship

Emigre Politics

Malaise, Ideology, America, Israel, Germany, Stay or Go Home?

Belles Lettres

The Mission and Role of Russian Emigre Literature, Assimilation, Attempts at Soviet-Emigre Literary Detente, The Apolitical Reaction, The War of Words: Publications

Prose Writers

Writers of High Seriousness

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Fridrikh Gorenshtein, Yury Kashkarov, Georgy Valdimov

The Aesthetes

Boris Khazanov, Andrei Sinyavsky, Sasha Sokolov, Aleksei Kovalev, Boris Fal'kov

Creators of Situations and Ideas

Aleksandr Zinov'ev, Vasily Aksenov, Aleksandr Suslov

The Natural School Reborn

Eduard Limonov, Yuz Aleshkovsky, Vladimir Voinovich, Vladimir Maramzin, Zinovy Zinik, Anatoly Gladilin, Arkady L'vov, Mark Girshin, Sergei Dovlatov, Yury Mamleev, Igor' Efimov

Poets

Poets of High Seriousness

Joseph Brodsky, Lev Mak, Yury Kublanovsky, Valery Petrochenkov, Vadim Kried, Naum Korzhavin, Natal'ya Gorbanevskaya, Dmitry Bobyshev, Aleksei Tsvetkov

Light-Hearted Poets

Mikhail Kreps, Mikhail Vasserman, Igor' Guberman, Bakhyt Kenzheev, the ``avantgrade,'' Lev Losev, Aleksandr Galich

Dissolution of the Empire

Reunification at Last!

The Near Abroad (blizhnee zarubezh'e)

Conclusions

Chronology

Secondary Sources

Annotated Index of Personal Names