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Tables of Contents for The First Amendment
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Acknowledgments
xxi
Part I Freedom of Expression
Free Speech History, Theory, and Method
5
16
The American Historical Experience
5
8
Problem ``An Assignment in History''
5
1
Patterson v. Colorado
6
3
The Elusive Search for ``Original Internt''
9
1
The Trial of John Peter Zenger
10
1
Blackstone, the Common Law, and Prior Restraint
11
1
Free Speech and the Spirit of Revolution
12
1
Modern Theory and Method
13
8
Problem A Free Speech Glossary
13
1
The Marketplace Theory
14
1
The Self-Governance Theory
14
1
The Self-Fulfillment Theory
15
1
The Exclusivity Debate
15
1
Absolutism
16
1
Balancing
16
1
The Categorical Approach
17
1
The Hierarchical Approach
17
1
Content and Non-Content Regulation
17
1
Viewpoint Regulation
17
1
The General Marketplace v. Special Settings
18
1
Heightened Scrutiny in the General Marketplace
18
3
Speech and Advocacy of Violence
21
28
The Origins of the Clear and Present Danger Test
21
5
Problem Time Machine: ``The War to End All Wars''
21
1
Schenck v. United States
22
1
Debs v. United States
23
2
Frohwerk v. United States
25
1
The Dissents of Holmes and Brandeis
26
7
Problem Time Machin: ``Inside the Mind of Mr. Justice Holmes''
26
1
Abrams v. United States
26
2
Whitney v. People of the State of California
28
4
Gitlow v. New York
32
1
Applying the First Amendment to the States: The Incorporation Doctrine
33
1
The Evolution of Clear and Present Danger
33
4
Problem Time Machine: ``A Communist Conspiracy''
33
1
DeJonge v. Oregon
33
1
Herndon v. Lowry
34
1
Dennis v. United States
34
1
Yates v. United States
35
1
Scales v. United States
36
1
Noto v. United States
36
1
The Modern Transformation
37
3
Problem ``End Abortion Now''
37
1
Brandenburg v. Ohio
37
2
Hess v. Indiana
39
1
Reactive Violence
40
4
Problem ``The Heckler's Veto''
40
2
Terminiello v. Chicago
42
1
Feiner v. New York
42
1
Iowa v. Hardin
43
1
Aiding and Abetting Crime
44
5
Problem ``The War Crimes Web Page''
44
1
Watts v. United States
45
1
The Portland ``Nuremberg Files'' Litigation
45
1
United States v. Barnett
45
1
Prosecutions for Aiding and Abetting Tax Evasion
46
1
Rice v. Paladin press
46
3
Content and Viewpoint Regulation
49
40
Fighting Words and Public Vulgarity
49
7
Problem ``In Your Face''
49
1
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
50
2
Cohen v. California
52
4
Content Regulation of Offensive Speech
56
12
Problem ``Burning the American Flag''
56
1
Texas v. Johnson
57
10
United States v. Eichman
67
1
Content-Neutral Regulation
68
5
Problem ``Burning a Driver's Licence''
68
1
United States v. O'Brien
69
4
Time, Place or Manner Regulations
73
1
Viewpoint Discrimination
73
11
Problem ``The Return of the Ku Klux Klan''
73
1
R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul
74
10
Neutral Laws of General Applicability
84
5
Problem ``Church Bombing and Hate Crime''
84
1
Wisconsin v. Mitchell
84
5
Sexually Explicit Speech
89
24
Obscenity in the General Marketplace
89
11
Problem ``The Triple-X Adult Theater''
89
1
Miller v. California
90
4
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
94
6
Pope v. Illinois
100
1
Obscenity in the Privacy of the Home
100
3
Problem ``Prosecution for Home Possession''
100
1
Stanley v. Georgia
100
3
Child Pornography
103
2
Problem ``Possession of Child Porn''
103
1
Osborne v. Ohio
104
1
Restricting Exposure to Minors
104
1
Pornography as Sex Discrimination
105
1
Problem ``Obscenity as Subjugation''
105
1
American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut
106
1
Sex and the Internet
106
3
Problem ``Cyber-scenity and the Prosecution of Virtual Sex''
106
1
United States v. Thomas
107
1
Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation
108
1
Sable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
108
1
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
109
1
Zoning and the ``Secondary Effects'' Doctrine
109
4
Problem ``Zoning Out Adult Clubs''
109
1
Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
110
1
Schad v. Borough of Mount Ephraim
110
1
Renton v. Playtime Theaters, Inc.
111
1
Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.
111
2
Commercial Speech
113
30
Is Advertising ``Speech'' at All?
113
6
Problem ``Advertising and the Purposes of Free Speech'' Commercial Speech and the Debate Over the Purposes of the First Amendment
113
2
Valentine v. Chrestensen
115
1
Bigelow v. Virginia
115
1
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Consumer Council, Inc.
116
3
Protectionism and Paternalism
119
20
Problem ``Putting a Vice on Vice''
119
1
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission
119
1
Board of Trustees of State University of New York v. Fox
120
1
Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc.
121
1
Posadas de Puerto Rico Association v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico
121
1
United States v. Edge Broadcasting Company
122
1
Rubin v. Coors Brewing Company
123
1
44 Liquormat, Inc. v. Rhode Island
123
16
Advertising by Professionals
139
4
Problem ``First, Let's Silence All the Lawyers''
139
1
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
140
1
In re R.M.J.
140
1
Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
140
1
Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
140
1
In re Primus
141
1
Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
141
1
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
142
1
Ibanez v. State Department of Professional Regulation, Board of Accountancy
142
1
Public Forum Doctrines
143
14
The Structure of Public Forum Law
143
9
Problem ``Down on the Boardwalk''
143
2
The Pervasive Presence of Public Forum Concepts in Modern First Amendment Law
145
1
The Multi-Tiered Structure of Public Forum Law
145
1
Traditional Public Forums
146
1
Designated Public Forums
147
1
Nonforums
147
1
Time, Place, and Manner Regulations
148
1
Noise Regulations
148
1
Municipal Theaters, Auditoriums, and Stadiums
149
1
The Special Problem of the Captive Audience
149
3
A Philosophical Interlude: The Right-Privilege Distinction
152
5
Problem Time Machine: ``Banned in Boston''
152
1
The Right/Privilege Distinction
152
2
Commonwealth v. Davis
154
1
The Doctrine of Unconstitutional Conditions
155
2
Speech and Education
157
48
Regulating the Speech of Students
157
19
Problem ``Stand Up for Your Rights''
157
1
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
158
8
Hazelwood School District v. Kulhmeier
166
9
Bethel School District v. Fraser
175
1
Education and Public Forums
176
12
Problem ``The Case of the Offensive Web Page''
176
1
Widmar v. Vincent
177
3
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia
180
8
Libraries
188
12
Problem ``Book Bans and Internet Screens''
188
1
Board of Education v. Pico
188
11
Restricting Internet Access
199
1
Academic Freedom and the First Amendment
199
1
Hate Speech Codes
200
5
Problem ``A Contest in Fraternity Row''
200
1
UWM Post v. Board of Regents of University of Wisconsin
201
1
Doe v. University of Michigan
201
1
Iota XI Chapter of Sigma Chi Fraternity v. George Mason University
202
1
Hate Speech and University Publications
203
2
The Speech of Government Employees
205
36
Disciplining Employees for Expressive Activity
205
18
Problem ``The Web Page and the Whistleblower''
205
2
Pickering v. Board of Education
207
1
Connick v. Myers
207
1
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Dole
208
1
Rankin v. McPherson
208
7
Waters v. Churchill
215
8
Political Patronage and Restrictions on Partisan Political Activity
223
18
Problem ``To the Victor Go the Spoils''
223
2
Elrod v. Burns
225
11
Branti v. Finkel
236
1
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
237
1
United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
237
1
United Public Workers of America v. Mitchell
238
1
United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers
239
2
Government Speech and Government Funding
241
24
Government Speech
241
11
Problem ``No Money for Marijuana''
241
1
Rust v. Sullivan
242
6
The ``Right'' of Sovereigns to Speak
248
1
Regan v. Taxation With Representation
249
1
FCC v. League of Women Voters
250
2
Government Funding
252
13
Problem ``Reforming the Student Bar Association''
252
1
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia
253
8
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
261
4
The Political Process
265
26
Politics and Money
265
13
Problem ``Campaign Finance Reform''
265
1
Buckley v. Valeo
266
2
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. Federal Election Commission
268
10
Regulation of the Political Process
278
13
Problem ``Sound-Bite Politics''
278
2
Mills v. Alabama
280
2
Burson v. Freeman
282
3
Brown v. Hartlage
285
6
Forced Speech, Freedom of Association, and Anonymity
291
36
Forced Speech and Freedom of Association
291
24
Problem ``Politically Incorrect''
291
2
Roberts v. United States Jaycees
293
11
Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte
304
1
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
305
8
Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliott, Inc.
313
1
Abood v. Detroit Board Of Education
314
1
Anonymity
315
12
Problem The Anonymous Political Web Page
315
1
NAACP v. Alabama
315
1
Buckley v. Valeo
315
2
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission
317
10
Part II Regulation of Mass Media
Prior Restraints
327
60
National Security
327
16
Problem ``Covert Action''
327
3
New York Times Company v. United States
330
10
Snepp v. United States
340
2
Near v. Minnesota
342
1
Accounting for the Strong Presumption Against Prior Restraints
342
1
Prior Restraint to Prevent Possible Catastrophic Loss
343
7
Problem ``The Home-Made Atom Bomb''
343
3
United States v. The Progressive, Inc.
346
4
Gag Orders in Judicial Proceedings
350
12
Problem ``The Feeding Frenzy''
350
2
Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart
352
6
Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada
358
1
Levine v. United States District Court
359
1
In re Morrissey
360
2
Gag Orders to Prevent Release of Attorney-Client Conversation
362
6
Problem ``The Leaked Tape''
362
1
United States v. Noriega
363
4
The Aftermath of Noriega
367
1
The Contempt Power and Disobedience of Injunctions
368
7
Problem ``The Defiant Broadcast''
368
1
Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham
369
1
Walker v. City of Birmingham
369
1
In re Providence Journal Company
370
5
Protective Orders, Sealed Documents and Secret Proceedings
375
12
Problem ``The Case of the Sealed Settlement''
375
1
Seattle Times Company v. Rhinehart
376
4
The Procter & Gamble Company v. Bankers Trust Company
380
3
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
383
3
Baugh v. Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission
386
1
Journalists and Sources
387
30
Reporter's Privilege
387
21
Problem ``The Confidential Source''
387
2
Branzburg v. Hayes
389
15
Lower Court Interpretation of Branzburg and the Evolution of the Privilege
404
1
Non-Confidential Material
404
1
Shield Laws
405
1
Herbert v. Lando and Inquiry Into the Editorial Process
405
1
Zurcher v. Stanford Daily and Newsroom Searches
405
1
The Justice Department's Media Guidelines
406
1
Sources and Journalistic Practice
406
2
Liability for Revealing a Confidential Source
408
9
Problem ``Betraying the Betrayer''
408
1
Cohen v. Cowles Media Company
409
6
Cohen v. Cowles Media On Remand
415
2
Media Access
417
36
Access to Judicial Proceedings
417
8
Problem ``Closing the Courtroom Doors''
417
1
Richmond Newspaper, Inc., v. Virginia
417
6
Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court
423
1
Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court
423
1
Nixon v. Warner Communications, Inc. and Access to Judicial Records
424
1
Access to Other Government Institutions
425
16
Problem ``Access to Prisons''
425
2
Pell v. Procunier
427
4
Saxbe v. Washington Post Company
431
6
Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
437
3
The Significance of the press Clause
440
1
Access to Military Operations
441
12
Problem ``Covering a War''
441
3
The Vietnam and Persian Gulf Wars
444
6
The Nation Magazine v. Department of Defense
450
3
Defamation
453
62
Introduction to Basic Defamation Concepts
453
7
Problem ``Libel in a Gossip Column''
453
1
The Elements of the Modern Cause of Action
454
1
``Fact,'' ``Opinion,'' and ``Rhetorical Hyperbole''
455
1
The Plaintiff's Burden of Proving Falsity
456
1
Substantial Truth
456
1
The ``Of and Concerning'' Requirement
456
1
Defamatory Meaning
457
1
Libel by Implication or Innuendo
457
1
Publication
457
1
Conditional and Absolute Common Law Privileges
458
1
The Fair Reports Privilege
458
1
Neutral Reportage
459
1
Constitutional Fault Standards
459
1
Defamation on Issues Not of Public Concern
459
1
Defamation Per Se and Per Quod
459
1
Damages
460
1
Public Plaintiffs and Constitutional Fault Standards
460
23
Problem ``Public Plaintiffs and Ethical Dilemmas''
460
5
New York Times Company v. Sullivan
465
9
The Times Case and American History
474
1
The Butts, Walker, and Rosenbloom Decisions
475
1
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
476
2
Time Inc., v. Firestone
478
1
Wolston v. Reader's Digest Association, Inc.
479
1
Hutchinson v. Proxmire
480
1
Dun & Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
480
2
Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps
482
1
Proving Fault and Actual Malice
483
3
Problem ``Basketball Diary''
483
2
St. Amant v. Thompson
485
1
Herbert v. Lando
486
1
Bose Corporation v. Consumer's Union of United States
486
1
Separating Fact from Opinion
486
15
Problem ``Libel in a Book Review''
486
3
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal
489
3
Moldea v. New York Times Company (Moldea I)
492
6
Moldea v. New York Times Company (Moldea II)
498
3
Quotes, Misquotes, and Neutral Reportage
501
6
Problem ``Doctored Quotes''
501
3
Masson v. New Yorker magazine
504
2
Edwards v. National Audubon Society, Inc.
506
1
Remedies and Reforms
507
8
Problem ``The Libel Reform Act''
507
1
The Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Tornillo
508
4
Libel Reform Proposals
512
1
``Slapp'' Suits
512
1
``Veggie Libel'' and the Oprah Winfrey Case
512
3
Invasion of Privacy and Infliction of Emotional Distress
515
38
``False Light'' Invasion of Privacy
515
2
Problem ``Local Hero''
515
1
The Contours of the False Light Tort
516
1
Time Inc. v. Hill
516
1
Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing Co.
516
1
Publication of Private Facts
517
5
Problem ``The Affair''
517
2
Sipple v. Chronicle Publishing Company
519
3
Protecting the Identity of Crime Victims
522
8
Problem ``Revealing the Name of the Rape Victim''
522
2
The Florida Star v. B.J.F.
524
6
Intrusion
530
8
Problem ``The Sting''
530
2
Food Lion, Inc. v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.
532
3
Galella v. Onassis
535
3
Appropriation and the Right of Publicity
538
7
Problem ``The T-Shirt Business''
538
1
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Company
539
4
Muhammad Ali v. Playgirl, Inc.
543
2
Infliction of Emotional Distress
545
8
Problem ``Flint and Brimstone''
545
1
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
546
5
Public Figures and the Public Concern Standard
551
2
Liability for Physical Harm
553
44
Instruction, Incitement, Aiding and Abetting
553
28
Problem ``Prankster Publications''
553
1
Rice v. Paladin Enterprises, Inc.
554
22
The Aftermath of the Hit Man Litigation
576
1
Braun v. Soldier of Fortune Magazine, Inc.
577
3
The Portland ``Nuremberg Files'' Litigation
580
1
Liability for Imitative Behavior
581
16
Problem ``The Copycat Bomber''
581
1
Herceg v. Hustler Magazine, Inc.
582
8
Byers v. Edmonson
590
5
``Surprise Television'' and the Jenny Jones Case
595
2
Regulation of Electronic Media
597
42
Radio and Television
597
21
Problem ``The Broadcast and Cable Decency Act''
597
2
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission
599
4
Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation
603
6
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
609
5
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (Turner II)
614
2
Sable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
616
1
Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
617
1
On-Line Communication
618
21
Problem ``Sex on the Web, Part II''
618
1
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
619
15
Urofsky v. Gilmore
634
5
Part III Freedom of Religion
Free Exercise of Religion
639
84
The No-Accommodation Position
639
19
Problem ``Time Machine: Mormons, Utah, and Polygamy''
639
1
Reynolds v. United States
639
1
Bowen v. Roy
639
10
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association
649
3
Goldman v. Weinberger
652
6
The Accommodation Position
658
16
Problem ``The Exam Conflict''
658
1
Cantwell v. Connecticut
659
4
Sherbert v. Verner
663
5
Thomas v. Review Board
668
1
Hobbie v. Unemployment Commission
668
1
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
668
1
Wisconsin v. Yoder
669
5
The Positions Clash
674
12
Problem ``The Freedonia Religious Freedom Restoration Act''
674
1
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith
674
9
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act
683
2
City of Boerne v. Flores
685
1
Discrimination Against Religion or Among Religions
686
14
Problem ``The Sons of Satan''
686
1
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah
686
13
A Compromise Proposal: Intermediate Scrutiny
699
1
Defining Religion and Testing the Sincerity of Belief
700
14
Problem ``The Conscientious Objectors''
700
1
United States v. Ballard
700
4
United States v. Meyers
704
10
Taxes, Labor and Civil Rights Laws, and Commercial Regulation
714
9
Problem ``It's Against My Religion''
714
1
United States v. Lee
715
2
Bob Jones University v. United States
717
3
Tony and Susan Alamo Foundation v. Secretary of Labor
720
3
The Establishment of Religion
723
152
Aid to Religious Schools
723
27
Problem ``Vouchers and School Choice''
723
1
Everson v. Board of Education
724
5
Lemon v. Kurtzman
729
6
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
735
5
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel v. Grumet
740
7
Agostini v. Felton
747
3
Prayers, Religious Symbols and Rituals in Public Schools
750
39
Problem ``A Prayer for Football''
750
1
Minersville School District v. Gobitis
751
3
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
754
8
McCollum v. Board of Education
762
1
Zorach v. Clauson
762
1
Engle v. Vitale
763
5
Wallace v. Jaffree
768
6
Lee v. Weisman
774
15
Religion in the Curriculum
789
6
Problem ``Creation Science''
789
1
Epperson v. Arkansas
790
2
Edwards v. Aguillard
792
3
Religion in Public Institutions, Rituals, and Forums
795
47
Problem ``Menorahs, Creches, and Frosty the Snowman''
795
2
Rosenberger v. Rector and Vistiors of University of Virginia
797
22
Marsh v. Chambers
819
4
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union Greater Pittsburgh Chapter
823
19
McGowan v. Maryland
842
1
Taxes
842
8
Problem ``Render Unto Caesar''
842
1
Walz v. Tax Commission
843
2
Mueller v. Allen
845
1
Hernandez v. Commissioner
846
4
Religion and Employment Discrimination
850
3
Problem ``The Freedonia Civil Rights Act''
850
1
Corporation of the Presiding Bishop v. Amos
851
2
Resolving Religious Disputes in Secular Courts
853
22
Problem ``Will the Real Bishop Please Stand?''
853
2
Gonzalez v. Archbishop
855
4
Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
859
8
Jones v. Wolf
867
8
Appendix
875