Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Brief History of Optics and Quantum Electronics

1.2 Brief History of Physics and Alternating Growth of Science and Technology

1.3 Brief History of Optical Fiber Amplifiers

1.4 Brief History of Optical Communications, Transmission Media, and Optical Fibers

1.4.1 Early History of Optical Communications

1.4.2 Various Transmission Media 1960-1969

1.4.3 Optical Fibers From 1966

1.4.4 Alternating Growth of Passive Fiber Technology and Active Fiber Technology

References

Chapter 2 Outline of Optical Fiber Amplifiers

2.1 Application Systems and Requirements for Optical Fiber Amplifiers

2.2 Outline of Rare-Earth Ions and Amplification in Fibers

2.2.1 Host Glasses

2.2.2 Rare-Earth Ions and Their Transitions

2.2.3 Outline of Amplification in Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber

2.3 Key Issues for Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

2.3.1 Broadband

2.3.2 High Gain

2.3.3 Low Noise

2.3.4 High Power

2.3.5 Reliability

2.4 Key Issues Regarding Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

2.5 Other Wavelength Amplifiers

2.6 Key Issues Regarding Fabrication Technologies and Material Structures

2.6.1 Fabrication Processes of Rare-Earth-Doped Fibers

2.6.2 Material Structures of Rare-Earth-Doped Glasses and Their Effects on Amplification Characteristics

2.7 Recent Topics on Amplified Systems

2.7.1 Unrepeated Long-Span Transmission

2.7.2 Long-Distance Transmission

2.7.3 WDM, Long-Distance, and/or High-Speed Transmission

2.7.4 Optical Networking

2.7.5 1.3-um Transmission

References

Chapter 3 Rare-Earth Ions in Glasses and Transitions for Optical Amplification

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The Configuration of the 4f States in Condensed Materials

3.3 The Judd-Ofelt Theory for Determining Transition Intensities

3.3.1 The Judd-Ofelt Theory

3.3.2 Selection Rules From the Judd-Ofelt Theory

3.3.3 Other Multiple Transitions

3.3.4 Experimental Procedure for Obtaining XXX Parameters

3.4 Other Procedures for Obtaining Emission Cross Sections

3.5 Energy Transfer Phenomena Between Rare Earths

3.5.1 Formalism of Resonance Energy Transfer Between Rare Earths

3.5.2 Concentration Quenching

3.6 Nonradiative Relaxation by the Multiphonon Emission Process

3.7 Spectral Broadening Phenomena

3.8 Three- and Four-Level Amplifier Systems

3.8.1 Population Inversion

3.8.2 Gain Saturation

References

Chapter 4 Fiber Materials and Fabrications

4.1 Fiber Materials and Compositions

4.1.1 Oxide Glass

4.1.2 Halide Glass

4.1.3 Chalcogenide Glass

4.1.4 Crystals

4.2 Transmission Loss of Fiber Materials

4.2.1 Intrinsic Loss Factors

4.2.2 Extrinsic Loss Factors

4.3 Thermal Properties of Fiber Materials

4.3.1 Glass Structure and Chemical Bonds

4.3.2 Theory and Kinetics of Crystallization

4.4 High-Silica Fiber Fabrication Process and Rare-Earth Doping

4.4.1 Soot Process: Origin of High-Silica Glass Fabrication Process

4.4.2 MCVD Process and Rare-Earth Doping

4.4.3 Rare-Earth Doping in MCVD Process

4.4.4 VAD Process

4.4.5 Rare-Earth Doping in VAD Process

4.4.6 OVD Process

4.4.7 High-Silica Fiber Drawing

4.5 Multicomponent Glass Fiber Fabrication Process

4.6 Fluoride Fiber Fabrication Process

4.6.1 Glass Compositions

4.6.2 Fabrication Process

4.6.3 Characteristics

4.6.4 Vapor Phase Deposition

4.7 Chalcogenide Fiber Fabrication Process

4.7.1 Glass Compositions

4.7.2 Fabrication Process

4.7.3 Characteristics

4.8 Crystalline Fiber Fabrication Process

4.9 Reliability of Amplifier Host Fibers

4.9.1 Reliability Requirements

4.9.2 Catastrophic Failure of Optical Fibers Caused by Chemical and Mechanical Stresses

4.9.3 Hydrogen-Induced Loss Increase

4.9.4 Loss Increase due to (XXX)-Ray Irradiation

References

Chapter 5 Amplification Characteristics of a Fiber Amplifier: Components, Design, and Amplification Characteristics of a Fiber Amplifier Module

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fiber Amplifier Related Devices

5.2.1 Fiber Grating

5.2.2 Thermally Expanded Core Fiber

5.2.3 Filters

5.2.4 Isolators and Circulators

5.2.5 Pump/Signal Multiplexing Devices

5.2.6 Splicing Devices and Technology

5.2.7 Pump Source

5.3 Amplification Characteristics of Fiber Amplifier Modules

5.3.1 1.5-um-Band Fiber Amplifier

5.3.2 1.3-xxxm-Band Fiber Amplifier

5.3.3 1.4-xxxm- and 1.65-xxxm-Band Fiber Amplifiers

References

Chapter 6 Conclusion

About the Authors

Index