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Tables of Contents for Leisure and Tourism Policy and Planning
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables
x
List of Figures
xii
Preface
xiv
Introduction
1
10
Introduction
1
1
Governments and Leisure and Tourism
1
2
Leisure and Tourism
3
1
Policy-making and Planning
4
2
Government Roles
6
1
Perspective
6
3
Content and Structure of the Book
9
1
Summary
10
1
Leisure and Tourism: Rights, Needs and Citizenship
11
24
Introduction
11
1
Human Rights
11
13
Definitions
11
1
History
11
2
Human rights declarations
13
1
Leisure rights
13
2
Sporting rights
15
1
Artistic and cultural rights
16
3
Tourism and travel rights
19
1
Group rights
19
3
Meaningfulness of rights declarations
22
1
Rights and freedoms
22
1
Other rights
23
1
The Rights of the Citizen
24
3
Needs
27
6
Taylor - uses of the word `need'
28
1
Bradshaw / Mercer typology of need
28
1
Maslow's hierarchy of need
29
2
Motivation theory and need
31
1
Marxist and neo-Marxist views on needs
31
1
Doyal and Gough and universal needs
32
1
Summary: Rights, Needs and Public Policy
33
2
Political Ideologies and the Role of the State
35
18
Introduction: the Role of Ideology
35
2
Conservatism
37
2
Liberalism
39
2
Marxism
41
2
Democratic Socialism
43
1
Social Democracy and `Third-way' Politics
44
2
Feminism
46
1
Environmentalism
47
1
Antiglobalism
48
2
Summary: Ideologies, Leisure, Tourism and the State
50
3
The Market versus the State
53
20
Introduction
53
1
The Triumph of Capitalism
53
1
Mainstream Economics
54
2
Introduction
54
1
The workings of the market
54
1
The role of the state
55
1
Types of Market Failure
56
6
Public goods and services
57
1
Externalities / neighbourhood effects
58
1
Mixed goods
59
1
Merit goods
60
1
Option demand
61
1
Infant industries
61
1
Size of project
61
1
Natural monopoly
61
1
Market failure in summary
62
1
Social/Political Arguments for Government Involvement
62
5
Equity / humanitarian
62
4
Economic management / development
66
1
Incidental enterprise
66
1
Tradition
67
1
Mainstream Economics and Ideology
67
1
The Market versus the State - Issues
67
3
Profit-making or loss-making?
67
1
Government failure / government size
68
1
Provider or facilitator?
68
1
The context of globalization
69
1
The Market vs. the State - Recent History
70
1
Summary
71
2
Public Policy-making
73
15
Introduction
73
1
Formal Constitutions
73
5
Unitary vs. federal systems
74
1
Westminster vs. presidential models
74
1
The location of leisure and tourism
75
1
Formal decision-making procedures
76
1
Quangos, trusts, the non-profit sector, etc.
76
2
Models of Decision-making
78
6
Power-based models
78
4
Rationality models
82
1
Public choice
83
1
Institutional approaches
84
1
Personality, cognition and information processing
84
1
Urban Regimes and Governance of the Local State
84
2
Summary
86
2
Leisure and Tourism Plans and Planning
88
28
Introduction
88
1
Strategic Planning
88
1
Guidelines
89
1
Local Cultural Strategies
90
1
Outdoor Recreation and Open Space
91
1
The Strategic Planning Process
91
23
Step 1. Establish terms of reference/brief
92
3
Step 2. Environmental appraisal
95
6
Step 3. Establish mission/goals
101
6
Step 4. Consultation with stakeholders
107
2
Step 5. Develop options
109
1
Step 6. Decide strategy
110
3
Step 7. Implementation
113
1
Steps 8/9. Monitoring, evaluation and feedback
113
1
Land-use Planning
114
2
Planning Methods
116
38
Introduction
116
1
History
116
1
Planning Techniques and Approaches
116
32
Standards of provision
118
4
Resource-based planning
122
1
Gross demand/market share (GDMS) approach
122
5
Spatial approaches
127
5
Hierarchies of facilities
132
1
Priority social-area analysis
133
3
The recreation opportunity spectrum
136
1
The matrix approach
137
4
The organic approach
141
3
The community-development approach
144
2
The issues approach
146
1
Conclusion
147
1
Summary
148
2
Appendix 7.1. Estimation of Facility Capacities
150
2
Appendix 7.2. Measuring Levels of Use of Facilities
152
2
Forecasting Leisure and Tourism Demand
154
31
Introduction
154
1
Forecasting What?
155
2
Demand-change Factors
157
11
Leisure and work time
158
1
Demographic change
159
1
Income levels
159
2
Transport
161
1
Technological change
162
2
The activities of producers
164
1
The environment
164
1
Changing tastes and lifestyles
165
1
Changing attitudes and values
166
1
The media
167
1
Postindustrialism, postmodernity and globalization
167
1
Forecasting Techniques
168
15
Informed speculation
168
1
Asking the public
169
1
Asking the experts - the Delphi technique
169
1
Scenario writing
170
2
Time-series analysis
172
4
Spatial models
176
1
Cross-sectional analysis
177
5
Comparative method
182
1
Composite approaches
183
1
Summary
183
2
Economic Evaluation Techniques
185
26
Introduction
185
1
Cost-Benefit Analysis
186
16
Introduction
186
1
Measurables and unmeasurables
187
1
The cost-benefit approach
187
2
Identifying and measuring costs
189
3
Identifying and measuring benefits in general
192
2
Comparing costs and benefits
194
2
Measuring private benefits - travel-cost and other methods
196
5
The value of time
201
1
Conclusion
202
1
Economic-impact Analysis
202
6
Introduction
202
1
Counting the cost
203
1
The multiplier
203
3
Economic significance studies
206
2
Summary
208
2
Appendix 9.1: Multiplier Analysis Spreadsheet
210
1
Performance Evaluation
211
27
Introduction
211
1
Evaluation in Context
211
3
Steps in the Evaluation Process
214
1
Approaches
215
6
Best value
215
2
The benefits approach to leisure
217
2
Customer service
219
1
Importance-performance analysis
220
1
Applications in Leisure and Tourism
221
8
Community recreation
222
1
Arts, cultural venues and events
222
1
Sports facilities
222
7
Tourism
229
1
Goals and Performance Indices
229
7
Summary
236
2
Policy and Planning for Particular Sectors and Groups
238
18
Introduction
238
1
Leisure and Tourism Sectors
238
10
Sport and physical recreation
238
3
The arts
241
3
Outdoor recreation - natural areas
244
1
Urban outdoor recreation
245
1
Tourism
246
2
Groups
248
6
Women
249
1
Ethnic groups
250
1
People with disabilities
251
1
Children
252
1
Youth
252
1
The elderly
253
1
Finally
254
1
Summary
254
2
Bibliography
256
21
Author Index
277
6
Subject Index
283