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Tables of Contents for Multimedia Image and Video Processing
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Emerging Standards for Multimedia Applications
1
18
Tsuhan Chen
Introduction
1
1
Standards
1
1
Fundamentals of Video Coding
2
6
Transform Coding
4
1
Motion Compensation
5
3
Summary
8
1
Emerging Video and Multimedia Standards
8
6
H.263
9
1
H.26L
10
1
MPEG-4
11
1
MPEG-7
12
2
Standards for Multimedia Communication
14
2
Conclusion
16
3
References
17
2
An Efficient Algorithm and Architecture for Real-Time Perspective Image Warping
19
16
Yi Kang
Thomas S. Huang
Introduction
19
1
A Fast Algorithm for Perspective Transform
20
7
Perspective Transform
20
1
Existing Approximation Methods
21
1
Constant Denominator Method
22
2
Simulation Results
24
2
Sprite Warping Algorithm
26
1
Architecture for Sprite Warping
27
6
Implementation Issues
27
1
Memory Bandwidth Reduction
28
2
Architecture
30
3
Conclusion
33
2
References
33
2
Application-Specific Multimedia Processor Architecture
35
32
Yu Hen Hu
Surin Kittitornkun
Introduction
35
2
Requirements of Multimedia Signal Processing (MSP) Hardware
35
1
Strategies: Matching Micro-Architecture and Algorithm
36
1
Systolic Array Structure Micro-Architecture
37
10
Systolic Array Design Methodology
37
2
Array Structures for Motion Estimation
39
8
Dedicated Micro-Architecture
47
17
Design Methodologies for Dedicated Micro-Architecture
47
7
Feed-Forward Direct Synthesis: Fast Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
54
7
Feedback Direct Synthesis: Huffman Coding
61
3
Concluding Remarks
64
3
References
65
2
Superresolution of Images with Learned Multiple Reconstruction Kernels
67
30
Frank M. Candocia
Jose C. Principe
Introduction
67
1
An Approach to Superresolution
68
8
Comments and Observations
69
3
Finding Bases for Image Representation
72
4
Description of the Methodology
76
1
Image Acquisition Model
76
1
Relating Kernel-Based Approaches
77
1
Single Kernel
78
1
Family of Kernels
78
1
Description of the Superresolution Architecture
78
5
The Training Data
79
1
Clustering of Data
79
2
Neighborhood Association
81
1
Superresolving Images
82
1
Results
83
8
Issues and Notes
91
2
Conclusions
93
4
References
94
3
Image Processing Techniques for Multimedia Processing
97
34
N. Herodotou
K.N. Plataniotis
A.N. Venetsanopoulos
Introduction
97
2
Color in Multimedia Processing
99
2
Color Image Filtering
101
12
Fuzzy Multichannel Filters
102
3
The Membership Functions
105
2
A Combined Fuzzy Directional and Fuzzy Median Filter
107
3
Application to Color Images
110
3
Color Image Segmentation
113
3
Histogram Thresholding
114
1
Postprocessing and Region Merging
115
1
Experimental Results
115
1
Facial Image Segmentation
116
9
Extraction of Skin-Tone Regions
117
1
Postprocessing
118
1
Shape and Color Analysis
119
1
Fuzzy Membership Functions
120
2
Meta-Data Features
122
1
Experimental Results
123
2
Conclusions
125
6
References
127
4
Intelligent Multimedia Processing
131
44
Ling Guan
Sun-Yuan Kung
Jenq-Neng Hwang
Introduction
131
4
Neural Networks and Multimedia Processing
132
1
Focal Technical Issues Addressed in the Chapter
133
2
Organization of the Chapter
135
1
Useful Neural Network Approaches to Multimedia Data Representation, Classification, and Fusion
135
19
Multimedia Data Representation
135
5
Multimedia Data Detection and Classification
140
7
Hierarchical Fuzzy Neural Networks as Linear Fusion Networks
147
5
Temporal Models for Multimodal Conversion and Synchronization
152
2
Neural Networks for IMP Applications
154
10
Image Visualization and Segmentation
155
1
Personal Authentication and Recognition
156
1
Audio-to-Visual Conversion and Synchronization
156
3
Image and Video Retrieval, Browsing, and Content-Based Indexing
159
4
Interactive Human-Computer Vision
163
1
Open Issues, Future Research Directions, and Conclusions
164
11
References
165
10
On Independent Component Analysis for Multimedia Signals
175
26
Lars Kai Hansen
Jan Larsen
Thomas Kolenda
Background
175
1
Principal and Independent Component Analysis
176
1
Likelihood Framework for Independent Component Analysis
177
6
Generalization and the Bias-Variance Dilemma
178
1
Noisy Mixing of White Sources
178
2
Separation Based on Time Correlation
180
3
Likelihood
183
1
Separation of Sound Signals
183
4
Sound Separation using PCA
184
1
Sound Separation using Molgedey-Schuster ICA
185
1
Sound Separation using Bell-Sejnowski ICA
186
1
Comparison
186
1
Separation of Image Mixtures
187
3
Image Segmentation using PCA
187
1
Image Segmentation using Molgedey-Schuster ICA
188
1
Discussion
189
1
ICA for Text Representation
190
4
Text Analysis
190
2
Latent Semantic Analysis---PCA
192
1
Latent Semantic Analysis---ICA
192
2
Conclusion
194
7
Acknowledgment
196
1
Appendix A
196
1
References
197
4
Image Analysis and Graphics for Multimedia Presentation
201
42
Tulay Adali
Yue Wang
Introduction
201
1
Image Analysis
202
15
Pixel Modeling
202
1
Model Identification
203
4
Context Modeling
207
1
Applications
208
9
Graphics Modeling
217
26
Surface Reconstruction
221
1
Physical Deformable Models
222
1
Deformable Surface-Spine Models
223
3
Numerical Implementation
226
1
Applications
227
8
References
235
8
Combined Motion Estimation and Transform Coding in Compressed Domain
243
46
Ut-Va Koc
K.J. Ray Liu
Introduction
243
2
Fully DCT-Based Motion-Compensated Video Coder Structure
245
1
DCT Pseudo-Phase Techniques
245
4
DCT-Based Motion Estimation
249
12
The DXT-ME Algorithm
249
6
Computational Issues and Complexity
255
2
Preprocessing
257
1
Adaptive Overlapping Approach
258
1
Simulation Results
259
2
Subpixel DCT Pseudo-Phase Techniques
261
6
Subpel Sinusoidal Orthogonality Principles
265
2
DCT-Based Subpixel Motion Estimation
267
11
DCT-Based Half-Pel Motion Estimation Algorithm (HDXT-ME)
270
3
DCT-Based Quarter-Pel Motion Estimation Algorithm (QDXT-ME and Q4DXT-ME)
273
3
Simulation Results
276
2
DCT-Based Motion Compensation
278
6
Integer-Pel DCT-Based Motion Compensation
278
2
Subpixel DCT-Based Motion Compensation
280
3
Simulation
283
1
Conclusion
284
5
References
286
3
Object-Based Analysis-Synthesis Coding Based on Moving 3D Objects
289
42
Jorn Ostermann
Introduction
289
1
Object-Based Analysis-Synthesis Coding
290
4
Source Models for OBASC
294
12
Camera Model
294
1
Scene Model
295
1
Illumination Model
295
2
Object Model
297
9
Image Analysis for 3D Object Models
306
12
Overview
306
2
Motion Estimation for R3D
308
8
MF Objects
316
2
Optimization of Parameter Coding for R3D and F3D
318
3
Motion Parameter Coding
318
1
2D Shape Parameter Coding
319
1
Coding of Component Separation
320
1
Flexible Shape Parameter Coding
320
1
Color Parameters
320
1
Control of Parameter Coding
321
1
Experimental Results
321
2
Conclusions
323
8
References
325
6
Rate-Distorition Techniques in Image and Video Coding
331
32
Aggelos K. Katsaggelos
Gerry Melnikov
The Multimedia Transmission Problem
331
2
The Operational Rate-Distorition Function
333
1
Problem Formulation
334
1
Mathematical Tools in RD Optimization
335
2
Lagrangian Optimization
335
2
Dynamic Programming
337
1
Applications of RD Methods
337
22
QT-Based Motion Estimation and Motion-Compensated Interpolation
338
5
QT-Based Video Encoding
343
3
Hybrid Fractal/DCT Image Compression
346
5
Shape Coding
351
8
Conclusions
359
4
References
359
4
Transform Domain Techniques for Multimedia Image and Video Coding
363
20
S. Suthaharan
S.W. Kim
H.R. Wu
K.R. Rao
Coding Artifacts Reduction
363
6
Introduction
363
1
Methodology
364
3
Experimental Results
367
2
More Comparison
369
1
Image and Edge Detail Detection
369
10
Introduction
369
2
Methodology
371
5
Experimental Results
376
3
Summary
379
4
References
380
3
Video Modeling and Retrieval
383
20
Yi Zhang
Tat-Seng Chua
Introduction
383
1
Modeling and Representation of Video: Segmentation vs. Stratification
384
2
Practical Considerations
385
1
Design of a Video Retrieval System
386
3
Video Segmentation
386
1
Logging of Shots
387
1
Modeling the Context between Video Shots
388
1
Retrieval and Virtual Editing of Video
389
4
Video Shot Retrieval
389
1
Scene Association Retrieval
389
1
Virtual Editing
390
3
Implementation
393
2
Testing and Results
395
4
Conclusion
399
4
References
400
3
Image Retrieval in Frequency Domain Using DCT Coefficient Histograms
403
34
Jose A. Lay
Ling Guan
Introduction
403
4
Multimedia Data Compression
403
2
Multimedia Data Retrieval
405
1
About This Chapter
406
1
The DCT Coefficient Domain
407
8
A Matrix Description of the DCT
407
5
The DCT Coefficients in JPEG and MPEG Media
412
2
Energy Histograms of the DCT Coefficients
414
1
Frequency Domain Image/Video Retrieval Using DCT Coefficients
415
19
Content-Based Retrieval Model
416
2
Content-Based Search Processing Model
418
1
Perceiving the MPEG-7 Search Engine
419
2
Image Manipulation in the DCT Domain
421
3
The Energy Histogram Features
424
1
Proximity Evaluation
425
3
Experimental Results
428
6
Conclusions
434
3
References
434
3
Rapid Similarity Retrieval from Image and Video
437
30
Kim Shearer
Svetha Venkatesh
Horst Bunke
Introduction
437
3
Definitions
439
1
Image Indexing and Retrieval
440
2
Encoding Video Indices
442
2
Decision Tree Algorithms
444
5
Decision Tree-Based LCSG Algorithm
446
3
Decomposition Network Algorithm
449
8
Decomposition-Based LCSG Algorithm
452
5
Results of Tests Over a Video Database
457
7
Decomposition Network Algorithm
459
1
Inexact Decomposition Algorithm
460
2
Decision Tree
462
1
Results of the LCSG Algorithms
462
2
Conclusion
464
3
References
464
3
Video Transcoding
467
20
Tzong-Der Wu
Jenq-Neng Hwang
Ming-Ting Sun
Introduction
467
1
Pixel-Domain Transcoders
468
3
Introduction
468
1
Cascaded Video Transcoder
469
1
Removal of Frame Buffer and Motion Compensation Modules
470
1
Removal of IDCT Module
470
1
DCT Domain Transcoder
471
2
Introduction
471
1
Architecture of DCT Domain Transcoder
472
1
Full-Pixel Interpolation
472
1
Half-Pixel Interpolation
473
1
Frame-Skipping in Video Transcoding
473
5
Introduction
473
1
Interpolation of Motion Vectors
474
1
Search Range Adjustment
475
1
Dynamic Frame-Skipping
475
1
Simulation and Discussion
475
3
Multipoint Video Bridging
478
6
Introduction
478
3
Video Characteristics in Multipoint Video Conferencing
481
2
Results of Using the Coded Domain and Transcoding Approaches
483
1
Summary
484
3
References
485
2
Multimedia Distance Learning
487
20
Sachin G. Deshpande
Jenq-Neng Hwang
Ming-Ting Sun
Introduction
487
2
Interactive Virtual Classroom Distance Learning Environment
489
7
Handling the Electronic Slide Presentation
491
4
Handling Handwritten Text
495
1
Multimedia Features for On-Demand Distance Learning Environment
496
6
Hypervideo Editor Tool
499
3
Automating the Multimedia Features Creation for On-Demand System
502
1
Issues in the Development of Multimedia Distance Learning
502
2
Error Recovery, Synchronization, and Delay Handling
503
1
Fast Encoding and Rate Control
503
1
Multicasting
503
1
Human Factors
503
1
Summary and Conclusion
504
3
References
504
3
A New Watermarking Technique for Multimedia Protection
507
24
Chun-Shien Lu
Shih-Kun Huang
Chwen-Jye Sze
Hong-Yuan Mark Liao
Introduction
507
2
Watermarking
507
1
Overview
508
1
Human Visual System-Based Modulation
509
2
Proposed Watermarking Algorithms
511
6
Watermark Structures
511
1
The Hiding Process
511
4
Semipublic Authentication
515
2
Watermark Detection/Extraction
517
1
Gray-Scale Watermark Extraction
517
1
Binary Watermark Extraction
517
1
Dealing with Attacks Including Geometric Distortion
518
1
Analysis of Attacks Designed to Defeat HVS-Based Watermarking
518
2
Experimental Results
520
6
Results of Hiding a Gray-Scale Watermark
521
5
Results of Hiding a Binary Watermark
526
1
Conclusion
526
5
References
528
3
Telemedicine: A Multimedia Communication Perspective
531
14
Chang Wen Chen
Li Fan
Introduction
531
1
Telemedicine: Need for Multimedia Communication
532
3
Telemedicine over Various Multimedia Communication Links
535
7
Telemedicine via ISDN
535
2
Medical Image Transmission via ATM
537
1
Telemedicine via the Internet
538
2
Telemedicine via Mobile Wireless Communication
540
2
Conclusion
542
3
References
542
3
Index
545