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Tables of Contents for Geomeasurements by Pulsing Tdr Cables and Probes
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction
1
14
Basic Physics
15
34
Pulse Testing
15
2
Transmission Line Parameters
17
5
TDR Reflection Type
22
1
Resistive Terminations and the Reflection Coefficient
22
2
Reactive Terminations
24
1
Reactances along Cable
25
1
Rise Time
26
1
Electric Field in Coaxial Cable
27
3
Cable Geometry and Capacitance
30
2
Measurement of Dielectric with Parallel Rods
32
2
Propagation Velocity and Dielectric Constant
34
1
Electric Field Distribution and Sampling Volume around Parallel Rods
35
3
Measurement of Conductivity with Parallel Rods
38
2
Attenuation in Conductive Media
40
3
Attenuation of Multiple Reflections
43
3
Variety of TDR Waveforms
46
3
Monitoring Soil Moisture
49
32
Soil Moisture Terminology
49
2
Probe Design
51
3
Site-Specific Calibration Methods
54
3
Topp's Calibration Equation-the ``Yardstick,''
57
1
Calibration Coefficients for General Relationships
58
2
Dielectric Properties and Absolute Water Content
60
15
Influence of soil type
60
6
Influence of soil density and shrinkage
66
2
Influence of temperature
68
4
Frequency considerations
72
3
Alternative Soil Moisture Calibration Equations
75
6
Field Experience and Verification of Soil Moisture Measurement
81
26
Lysimeter and Bowen Ratio
81
1
Neutron Probe
82
4
Nuclear Density Moisture Gauge
86
1
Applications and Installation Considerations
87
20
Agriculture-irrigation control
88
3
Landfill cover performance
91
3
Infiltration and wetting fronts
94
1
Soil sampling
94
2
Road and embankment construction on expansive clay
96
3
Freeze-thaw behavior of soils
99
3
Freeze-thaw pavement performance
102
5
Monitoring Localized Deformation in Rock
107
32
General Installation Considerations
107
2
Reference crimps improve location accuracy
109
1
Interpretation of Reflections
109
18
Simple shearing
110
6
Effect of shear zone width
116
6
Simple extension
122
2
Combined shear and extension
124
3
Resolution and Attenuation
127
10
Resolution
127
2
Attenuation
129
3
Influence of distance
132
2
Influence of multiple deformations
134
2
Crimp optimization and resolution
136
1
Noise
137
2
Field Experience and Verification of Rock Deformation Measurement
139
30
Comparison with Inclinometer
139
5
Comparison with Observation Holes
144
5
Comparison with Elastic Beam Theory
149
3
Installation Details
152
2
Deep holes
152
1
Up holes (mine roof)
153
1
Applications
154
15
Continuous Monitoring-strata movement over active mines
154
7
Multiplexing-strata movement over an abandoned mine
161
4
Production Well Deformation-in situ sulphur mine
165
4
Monitoring Soil Deformation
169
38
Localized Shearing Deformation of Soil
169
1
Advantages of TDR Measurement of Localized Shearing in Soil
170
4
Required Grout and Cable Compliance
174
4
Localized vs. General Shear
178
3
Applications
181
15
Highwall slope and tailings embankment
181
9
Relative stiffness revisited
190
4
Landslide monitoring
194
2
Comparative Performance and Costs
196
2
Gravel Pack Alternative
198
9
Magnitude vs. displacement
202
2
Low sensitivity of cable with gravel backfill
204
3
Monitoring Structural Deformation
207
28
MTDR versus OTDR for Structural Monitoring
207
1
Internal Structural Deformation-Installation and Performance
208
10
Masonry wall on spread footing
209
1
Installation
210
1
Performance
210
2
Reinforced concrete column
212
1
Installation
212
2
Performance
214
4
External Structural Deformation-Installation
218
4
Scour depth measurement during flood
219
2
Bridge pier or abutment movement
221
1
OTDR and Elastic Structural Deformation
222
5
Fiber optic component of a system
223
2
OTDR component of a system
225
2
Other optical measurement techniques
227
1
Measurement of Stress
227
4
Candidate fibers
228
1
Direct transverse strain and embedded stress tests
229
2
Measurement of Longitudinal Strain
231
4
Air-Liquid Interfaces
235
32
Background
235
9
TDR Reflection at the Air-Liquid Interface
236
3
Correction for the presence of residual water drops
239
2
Coaxial cable offers advantages over twisted pair wire
241
3
Applications and Case Histories
244
15
Standpipe piezometer
244
1
Retrofit of dam piezometer
245
3
Water levels above and within an abandoned mine
248
3
Water level while drilling
251
1
Comparison with Other Technology
252
7
Detection of Leaking Liquids
259
8
Sensor cable
260
1
Sensor string components
260
4
Application of leak detection
264
3
Electronics
267
34
Moisture Probes and Transmission Line Transformers
267
4
Properties of Coaxial Cables
271
1
Transducer Cables
271
7
Baluns or Transmission Line Transformers
278
2
Connectors
280
1
Low Loss Lead Cable
281
1
Multiplexer
282
1
Pulser/Sampler
282
5
Memory
287
2
Viewing TDR Waveforms
289
1
Packaged Systems for Soil Moisture
289
1
Computer Control or Serial Communication
290
1
Telemetry/Cellular Data Acquisition
291
3
Modem/Phone Line Data Acquisition
294
1
Battery Power for Remote Monitoring
294
3
Case history-dam monitoring
295
2
Detailed Examples
297
3
Rock deformation
297
1
Soil moisture
297
3
Pending Developments
300
1
Software
301
General Control/Acquisition Software
301
SP232-Laptop Computer Control
301
Acquisition settings
306
Remote use
308
CSI PC208-Datalogger Control and Multiplexing
310
Acquisition parameters
310
Example interrogation of multiple transducer cables
312
Specialized Software
314
Soil Moisture-Acquire and Interpret Waveforms
314
Parallel rod probes: WinTDR and PYELAB
314
Segmented probes: ViewPoint
316
Diode switching control
317
Types of scans
319
Deformation-Analyze Changes in Raw Waveforms
319
NUTSA
320
Waveform data formats
321
Creation of scratch files and concatenation of datablocks
323
Identification of waveform changes
323
Quantifying waveform changes
326
Storing waveforms as ASCII files
329
Requirements and limitations
331
APPENDICES
A: Cable-Grout Properties
333
B: References
343
C: List of Symbols
369
D: Author Index
379
E: Subject Index
385
F: Vendors
395