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Tables of Contents for Parties and Elections in America
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables and Figures
Preface
Elections and Political Parties
1
28
An Examination of Elections in the United States
4
6
The Role of Elections in Democratic Theory
10
3
Modes of Elections
10
1
Direct Elections
10
1
Indirect Elections
11
1
Implications for Representation
11
1
Representatives' Perspectives
11
1
The Public's Perspective and the Role of Parties in Representation
11
2
Definitions of ``Political Party'' and ``Party Systems''
13
9
Politicians View the Party System
22
5
Websites
27
1
Key Concepts
27
1
Discussion Questions
27
2
The Development of American Political Parties
29
36
From Faction to Party
31
2
The First American Parties
33
6
Funding and Assumption
33
1
Continuing New Divisions
34
1
Organizing to Gain Supporters
35
1
The Elections of 1796 and 1800
36
1
Contributions of the First Party System
37
1
The Collapse of the First Party System
38
1
The Second Party System
39
3
The Election of 1824 and Its Aftermath
39
1
Electral Phases in the Second Party Period
40
1
Innovations of the Second Party Period
41
1
The Collapse of the Second Party System
42
4
Third Party System: Industralization over Politics
46
2
The Critical Election of 1896 and Republican Domination
48
4
The Critical Election of 1896
48
1
The Classification of Presidential Elections
49
2
The Progressive Era: A Systemic Change
51
1
The New Deal Coalition
52
8
Defining the New Deal Coalition
53
1
Changing Campaign Technology
54
2
The Shape of the Party System at the Century's End
56
4
Politicians View Political History
60
2
Websites
62
1
Key Concepts
63
1
Discussion Questions
63
2
Party Organization
65
26
The Organizational Framework
66
2
Local and County Organizations
68
4
State Party Organizations
72
8
The Age of Strong State Party Organizations
72
2
The Structure of State Committees
74
1
The Role of the State Party Chair
75
2
The Ascendancy of the State Party Headquarters
77
3
Party Organization at the National Level
80
7
The Structure of National Party Organizations
80
1
The National Committees
80
3
The ``Hill Committees''
83
1
The Enhanced Role of the National Party Organizations
83
4
Politicians View Party Organization
87
2
Websites
89
1
Key Concepts
89
1
Discussion Questions
89
2
Political Participation
91
34
Who Votes; Who Doesn't
93
22
Expansion of the Franchise
93
1
Property Requirements
94
1
Black Suffrage
94
2
Women's Suffrage
96
3
Lowering the Voting Age
99
1
Additional Regulations: Residency and Registration
100
2
Decline in Voter Participation
102
3
Voting by Blacks
105
1
Voting by Young Voters
106
1
Voting by Women
107
1
What Distinguishes Voters from Nonvoters?
108
5
Voters and Nonvoters Revisited
113
2
Participation in Politics in America
115
4
Politicians View Political Participants
119
3
Websites
122
1
Key Concepts
122
1
Discussion Questions
122
3
Theories of Voting Behavior
125
32
Voters in Presidential Elections
126
14
Models of Voting Behavior: The American Voter
126
3
Critics of The American Voter Model
129
1
Criticism by V. O. Key Jr. and His Followers
130
4
Criticism from Successors in the Michigan School
134
5
Presidential Voting Reviewed
139
1
Voters in Congressional and Senatorial Elections
140
6
Voting Behavior Theory Revisited
146
4
Politicians View Political Behavior Theory
150
3
Websites
153
1
Key Concepts
154
1
Discussion Questions
154
3
Organized Groups in the Political Process
157
30
Organized Groups in American Politics
160
6
Political and Nonpolitical Associations
160
2
Politically Active Groups
162
1
Economic or Noneconomic Interests
162
2
Multipurpose or Single-Purpose Groups
164
1
Federal or National Groups
165
1
Electoral Activities of Organized Groups
166
12
Working within the Party
167
2
Group Ratings
169
3
Political Action Committees
172
6
Interest Groups' Influence on Their Members
178
3
Politicians View Interest Groups
181
3
Websites
184
1
Key Concepts
184
1
Discussion Questions
184
3
State and Local Nominations
187
32
Political Context and Politicians' Decisions to Run
189
2
Common Views of the Nominating Process
191
1
Development of the Direct Primary System
192
2
Primaries as a Response to One-Party Domination
193
1
Primaries as an Item on the Progressive Agenda
193
1
Varieties of Primaries
194
5
Who May Run
195
1
Party Membership and Petition Requirements
195
1
The Role of Parties
196
2
Louisiana: An Exception
198
1
Cross-Filing: Another Exception to Party Allegiance
198
1
Who May Vote
199
5
Closed, Open, and Blanket Primaries
199
2
Theoretical Arguments Regarding Primary Voter Eligibility
201
1
Pragmatic Considerations Regarding Primary Voter Eligibility
202
1
Strategic Consequences of Different Primary Rules
202
1
Crossover Voting
203
1
Who Wins
204
1
Plurality Rule
204
10
Variations from Plurality Rule: Runoff Primaries
205
5
The Politics of Nominations
210
1
Uncontested Nominations
210
1
Contested Nominations
211
1
Incumbent Advantage
211
1
Contests without Incumbents
212
2
Politicians View the Nominating Process
214
2
Websites
216
1
Key Concepts
216
1
Discussion Questions
217
2
State and Local Elections
219
46
The Conventional Wisdom: Old versus New Politics
221
1
The New Politics: Campaigning in a Media Age
222
19
The Role of Political Parties
224
3
The Role of Organized Groups
227
1
Media Politics
228
3
The Candidate's Organization
231
2
The Structure of a Modern Campaign
233
1
Public Opinion Polling
234
1
Media Consultants
235
1
Fund-Raisers
236
1
Scheduling and Advance Work
237
1
Press Relations
238
1
Liaison to Party Organization and Organized Groups
239
1
Field Organizations
240
1
Old-Style Politics: A More Prominent Role for Parties
241
3
Reexamination of the Role of Political Parties
243
1
Local Campaigns in the Absence of Party
244
1
Do Campaigns Determine Who Win Elections?
244
8
Lack of Competition in American Elections
245
1
Incumbent Advantage in U.S. House and State Legislative Races
245
2
Competition in U.S. Senate and Gubernatorial Races
247
1
Credible Competition in American Elections
248
4
Third Parties in State and Local Elections
252
4
Politicians View the General Election
256
6
Websites
262
1
Key Concepts
262
1
Discussion Questions
262
3
Presidential Nominations
265
54
The Post-1968 Reforms
266
14
The McGovern-Fraser Commission
267
2
The 1972 Nomination
269
2
Continuing Reform of the Process
271
1
The Mikulski Commission
271
1
The 1976 Nomination: Strategies under the New Rules
271
1
The Winograd Commission
272
2
The 1980 Nomination and the Hunt Commission
274
2
The Fairness Commission and the 1988 Nominating Process
276
2
The Reform Movement: An Assessment
278
2
Nominations under the Current System: 1992 and 1996
280
5
The 1992 Nominations
280
2
The 1996 Nominations
282
2
Toward 2000
284
1
Strategic Considerations in the Contests for Nominations
285
21
The Political Calendar
286
1
Front-loading the System
286
1
Super Tuesday
287
1
Filing Deadlines
288
1
Strategic Implications of the Political Calendar
288
1
The Rules of the Game
289
1
Proportional Representation versus Winner-Take-All Systems
289
2
Superdelegates versus Influential Party Leaders
291
1
Strategic Use of Campaign Resources
292
1
Office
292
1
Money
292
7
The Media
299
6
Evaluating Nominating Campaigns
305
1
The Conventions
306
9
Credentials Challenges
307
1
Rules Disputes
308
2
Party Platforms
310
2
Vice Presidential Nominations
312
2
An Evaluation of the Conventions
314
1
Politicians View the Nominating Process
315
2
Websites
317
1
Key Concepts
317
1
Discussion Questions
317
2
Presidential Elections
319
52
From the Convention to the General Election
320
2
Organizing for the General Election
322
20
Structuring the Campaign Organization
322
1
The Campaign Headquarters
322
1
The National Committee
323
3
The Mobile Headquarters
326
1
Division and Integration of Authority and Responsibility
326
2
Functions of a Presidential Campaign Organization
328
1
Grassroots Politics
328
2
Staffing the Candidate's Plane
330
1
Staffing the Campaign Headquarters
331
5
Directing the Campaign Organization
336
1
The Inner Core
336
3
Expanding the Core
339
1
Co-opting the Losers
340
1
Setting a Campaign Strategy
341
1
Strategies for the General Election
342
13
Geographic Determinations
342
3
Coalition Strategies
345
2
Issue Strategies
347
1
Campaign Themes
347
2
Character as a Campaign Issue
349
2
The Issues Raised during a Campaign
351
1
The Strategic Use of Incumbency
352
3
Tactics for the General Election
355
5
Tactical Considerations of Where to Go
355
1
Tactical Considerations of Media Use
356
1
Tactical Considerations of Which Issues to Discuss
357
1
The Tactics of Presidential Debates
358
2
Third-Party Candidates in Presidential Elections
360
6
Politicians View the Campaigns
366
2
Websites
368
1
Key Concepts
368
1
Discussion Questions
369
2
Campaign Finance
371
46
The Climate for Reform
375
1
Campaign Finance Reforms of the 1970s
376
5
Historical Background
376
1
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971
377
1
The 1974 Amendments to the EFCA
378
1
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)
378
1
The 1976 FECA Amendments
379
1
Current Status of Key Issues
380
1
The Costs of Democracy
381
5
Federal Elections
381
3
State and Local Elections
384
2
Sources of Campaign Funds
386
24
Sources of Campaign Contributions
386
6
Individual Contributions
392
4
Political Action Committees
396
2
The Influence of PACs on Electoral Outcomes
398
2
The Influence of PACs on Legislative Outcomes
400
1
The Ideological Imbalance of Present and Future PACs
401
1
The Lack of Accountability for PAC Decision Making
402
2
PAC Influence: A Summary
404
1
Political Parties
405
1
Soft Money: The Newest Loophole to Be Closed
406
1
The Debate over Public Financing
407
3
Politicians View Campaign Financing
410
3
Websites
413
1
Key Concepts
414
1
Discussion Questions
414
3
The Media and the Electoral Process
417
28
The Media in the Contemporary Context
418
2
Free Media: Journalists' Presentations of Candidates and Campaigns
420
13
The Varieties of Free Media
420
3
The Role of the Free Media
423
1
Informed Consent of the Governed
423
1
Window on the Candidates
424
1
Referee between Candidates
425
1
The Actual Role That the Media Play
425
1
The Great Mentioner
426
1
Image Creator
426
1
Expectation Setter
427
1
Issue Identifier
428
1
Field Narrower
428
1
Campaign Critic
429
1
Documentor of Elections
430
1
An Assessment of the Role of Free Media
431
1
Why Do the Media Play the Roles They Do?
431
1
How Should We Evaluate That Role?
432
1
Paid Media: The Candidate Provides the Message
433
7
Types of Paid Media
433
2
Controversies Caused by the Use of Paid Media
435
1
Negative Advertising
435
2
Issue Advocacy Advertisements
437
2
Impact of Paid Media on Election Campaigns
439
1
Intended Consequences of Paid Media Campaigns
439
1
Unintended Consequences of Paid Media Campaigns
440
1
Politicians View the Media
440
2
Websites
442
1
Key Concepts
442
1
Discussion Questions
442
3
The Party in Government
445
38
The Concept of Party in Government
447
3
Party as the Organizing Element of the U.S. Congress
450
20
Organization of the House of Representatives
451
1
Republican Organization under Gingrich
451
8
The Democrats in the Minority
459
5
Party Leadership in the Senate
464
1
The Senate Republicans
465
1
The Senate Democrats
466
3
The Muted Role of Party Leaders
469
1
The Impact of Party on Congressional Behavior
470
4
The President as a Leader of Party in Government
474
5
The President as Leader of His Party in Congress
474
1
The Presidential Role in Setting the Parties' Agendas
474
2
Presidential Means of Working with Congress
476
1
The President as Party Leader in Congress: A Summary
477
1
The Role of Party in the President's Administration
478
1
Politicians View the Party in Government
479
1
Websites
480
1
Key Concepts
481
1
Discussion Questions
481
2
Conclusions: The Role of Political Parties at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century
483
18
The Role of Elections
484
9
The Context of Federalism
484
1
Presidential Elections
485
1
Congressional Elections
486
2
State and Local Elections
488
1
Nonpartisan Politics
488
1
Voters and Elections
489
1
Television as a Source of Political Information
490
1
Television as a Source for Information about State and Local Issues
491
1
An Evaluation of the Electoral Process as a Means of Choosing Those Who Govern
492
1
The Role of Political Parties
493
5
The Parties in the Modern Election
493
2
Parties' Appeal to the Electorate
495
2
The Tone of Twenty-first Century Politics
497
1
Concluding Remarks
498
3
Notes
501
20
References
521
44
Index
565
20
About the Author
585