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Tables of Contents for Aerospace Operations in Urban Environments
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
iii
Figures
ix
Tables
xi
Summary
xiii
Acknowledgments
xxi
Abbreviations and Acronyms
xxv
Introduction
1
12
Background
1
2
How Likely Are Urban Operations?
3
3
The Nature of Urban Military Operations
6
4
From Rubble to Routine
7
1
Redefining Warfare, Not Service Roles
8
2
Purpose
10
1
Organization
11
2
Using Aerospace Power to Prevent the Urban Fight
13
26
Introduction
13
4
How Aerospace Power Can Forestall Urban Operations
17
8
Anatomy of an Urban Military Operation
18
1
Comparative Advantages of Aerospace Power
19
2
Preclusion Strategies
21
4
Where Preclusionary Strategies May Have Worked
25
4
Al Khafji
25
3
Kuwait City
28
1
Southern Lebanon
28
1
Where Aerospace Power Failed to Prevent Urban Combat
29
5
Lessons Learned
32
1
The Second Chechen Battle
33
1
When Circumstances Leave No Choice
34
3
As a Tool for Joint Force Commanders
36
1
The Limits of Aerospace Power in Urban Operations
37
1
Summary
37
2
Legal and Political Constraints on Urban Aerospace Operations
39
32
Introduction
39
1
Legal Constraints on Urban Aerospace Operations
40
12
Reciprocal Legal Duties and the Defender's Obligations
46
1
The International Legal Challenges of Urban Environments
47
5
Political Constraints on Urban Operations
52
5
Sensitivity to American Casualties
53
2
Sensitivity to Collateral Damage and Civilian Suffering
55
2
Restrictive Rules of Engagement and Targeting
57
5
The Asymmetry of Constraints
62
6
Conclusion
68
3
Aerospace Operations and the Urban Physical Environment
71
48
Introduction
71
1
The Nature of Urban Terrain
72
11
Urban Terrain Zones and Their Characteristics
74
6
Air Defenses on Urban Terrain
80
3
Surveillance and Reconnaissance in the Urban Environment
83
24
Sensor Cueing in the Urban Environment and a New Cueing Concept
84
5
Target Identification/Tracking in the Urban Environment
89
4
EO Sensors Versus Targets on Rooftops and in Streets
93
5
EO Sensors Versus Targets Inside Buildings
98
9
Aerial Weapon Delivery in the Urban Environment
107
7
Aerial Weapon Trajectories and the Geometry of the Urban Terrain
107
4
Weapon Effects and Urban Terrain
111
3
Airlift in Urban Environments
114
1
Conclusions
115
4
New Concepts for Accomplishing Key Tasks in Urban Operations
119
30
Introduction
119
1
Stop Movement of Combatants, Vehicles, and Equipment
120
3
Provide Rapid, High-Resolution Imagery for Target ID
123
4
Detect and Neutralize Adversary Ambus Positions
127
4
Detect and Neutralize Snipers
131
7
Monitor High-Priority Targets
138
5
Resupply Isolated Friendly Ground Forces
143
2
Provide Close Support for Ground Forces
145
1
The Role of the Joint Control Center
146
3
Enabling Technologies for Urban Aerospace Operations
149
50
Introduction
149
1
Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Urban Environment
150
15
Key Functions and the Scope of Air Force Involvement
150
2
Laser Radar Mapping
152
3
Stereoscopic Electro-Optical Imaging
155
1
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
156
5
Comparison of 3-D Imaging Technology
161
1
Platform Trade-Offs
162
1
Software Exploitation of 3-D Urban Maps
163
2
Communications and Navigation Technology for the Urban Environment
165
5
UAV Relays
165
1
Through-the-Wall Communications
166
3
Pseudolites
169
1
Imaging Sensor Technology for Urban Operations
170
4
Non-Imaging Sensor Technology for Urban Operations
174
8
Seismic and Acoustic Sensors
174
1
Through-the-Wall Radar
175
4
Remote Listening
179
1
Chemical Sniffing
180
2
Sensor Fusion in Support of Urban Operations
182
2
Air-Launched Sensor Platforms
184
3
Limited-Effects Munitions
187
10
Kinetic-Energy Weapons
187
1
``Laser-Guided Hand Grenades''
188
1
Miniature Glide Bombs, Cruise Missiles, and Killer UAVs
188
1
Nonlethal Weapons
189
8
Conclusion
197
2
Conclusions
199
68
Introduction
199
1
Key Findings
199
2
The Need for Improved Urban Operational Capabilities
201
1
Technological Promises and the Reality of War
202
2
Next Steps
204
3
Appendix
A. Trigonometric Calculations
207
2
B. Microwave Recharging of Mini-UAVs and Micro-UAVs
209
4
C. Detecting Snipers
213
4
D. Lessons Learned From Past Urban Air Operations
217
50
Bibliography
267