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Tables of Contents for Closing the Education Gap
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
v
 
Figures
xi
 
Tables
xv
 
Summary
xix
 
Acknowledgments
xxv
 
Introduction
1
12
Changing Demand for Education
1
3
Gap in Educational Attainment
4
3
Goals and Approach
7
3
Limitations
10
2
Organization of the Report
12
1
The Public Benefits of Education
13
20
Approach
15
5
Conceptual Framework
15
1
Estimated Model
16
2
Data
18
1
Limitations
19
1
Effect of Educational Attainment on Expenditures for Public Programs
20
6
Program Costs over a Person's Lifetime
20
3
Variations in Medicaid Program Costs by Gender, Ethnicity, and Nativity
23
1
Total Savings in Public Programs from Education
24
2
Effect of Educational Attainment on Income and Public Revenues
26
4
Education and Income
26
1
Effect on Tax Revenues
27
3
Conclusions
30
3
The Rand Education Simulation Model
33
14
Structure of the Model
34
3
Overview
34
2
Population Groups
36
1
Operationalizing the Model
37
6
Education Flow Rates
38
1
Demographic Inputs
39
1
Full-Time Equivalent Students
39
1
Education Cost Assumptions
40
3
Outputs of the Model
43
1
Uses and Limitations of the Model
44
3
Effects of Demographic Change on Educational Attainment
47
10
Projected Size and Composition of Adult Population
48
3
Projected Increase in Educational Attainment
51
4
Overall Population
51
2
Ethnic Groups
53
2
Projected Increase in Educational Attainment Gap
55
1
Conclusions
56
1
Costs and Benefits of Closing the Educational Attainment Gap for Blacks and Hispanics
57
26
Alternative Goals
58
2
Effects on Educational Attainment Gap
60
6
Reduced Gap Between Ethnic Groups
60
3
Increased Gap Between Natives and Immigrants
63
1
Increased Gap Between Regions
64
2
Increased Educational Attainment of the Labor Force
66
2
Effects on Educational Institutions: Increased Enrollments and Costs
68
4
Public and Societal Benefits and Costs
72
6
Conclusions
78
5
Effects of Immigration on Education
83
14
Alternative Immigration Policies
85
1
Effects on Size and Composition of Population
86
3
Effects on Educational Institutions
89
2
Effects on Distribution of Educational Attainment
91
4
Conclusions
95
2
Discussion and Next Steps
97
96
Appendix
A. Data Used to Estimate Public Program Benefits
105
6
B. Estimated Relationships Between Educational Attainment and Spending on Social Programs
111
26
C. The Elderly: A Special Case
137
4
D. Savings in Program Expenditures and Increases in Tax Revenues and Disposable Income Associated with Increased Educational Attainment
141
4
E. Education Flow Rates
145
20
F. Annual Flows for Births, Deaths, and Immigration
165
14
G. Education Cost Estimates
179
6
H. Adult Population in 1990 and Projected to 2015
185
4
I. Estimates of Costs and Benefits
189
4
References
193