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Tables of Contents for Welfare Reform in California
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
iii
Figures
vii
Tables
ix
Summary
xi
Acknowledgments
xix
Abbreviations
xxi
Introduction
1
28
Background
1
1
Objectives and Approach
2
5
What the Process Analysis Must Capture
2
2
What Methods Were Used
4
1
How the Site Visit Interviews Were Conducted
5
2
Scope
7
1
Organization of this Document
7
1
Historical Background and Context for Federal and California
Welfare Reform Legislation
8
1
Background on Federal Welfare Reform Legislation
8
8
The Aid to Dependent Children Program--The Origins of Federal Welfare
8
1
Roots of Reform
9
1
Early Work Requirements
10
1
Family Support Act (FSA) of 1988
11
1
Granting Welfare Waivers--The Beginnings of Devolving Authority and Responsibilities to the States
12
1
The Federal Debate and the Passage of PRWORA
13
3
Background on California's Welfare Reform Legislation
16
13
California's GAIN Program
16
2
California's Use of Welfare Waivers
18
1
The Impact of the 1990s Recession in California on Welfare Reform
19
1
The California Debate and the Passage of CalWORKs
19
1
The Provisions of CalWORKs
20
4
Funding Levels for CalWORKs
24
5
Planning for CalWORKs at the State and County Levels
29
9
Planning at the State Level
30
2
Planning for CalWORKs in the Focus Counties
32
4
CDSS Responses to the County Plans
36
1
Planning Under CalWORKs
37
1
Implementing CalWORKs: County Status in Moving Through the Welfare-to-Work Process
38
24
Participation Requirements
38
2
The Components of the CalWORKs WTW Program
40
12
Enrollment
42
1
Job Club/Job Search
42
2
After Job Club
44
7
Community Service
51
1
Job Retention
51
1
Self-Sufficiency
52
4
Nonparticipation
56
1
Sanctions
57
4
WTW Under CalWORKs
61
1
Implementing CalWORKs: Providing Support Services
62
7
Guidelines for Support Services
63
2
CalWORKs Funding for Support Services
65
1
Status of Support Services
65
1
Program Issues
66
3
Extremely Low Levels of Identified Need for Behavioral-Health Services
66
1
The Need to Engage Multiple Service Providers
67
2
Reorganization Status at the State and County Levels
69
12
State-Level Organizational Change
69
4
Creating the Regional Advisor Position
70
1
Realigning the Relationships Between CDSS and Other State Agencies
71
2
State-Level Adjustment to Organizational Change
73
1
County-Level Organizational Change
73
8
Coordinating Operations with Other Agencies and Service Providers
73
3
Merging GAIN and Eligibility Operations
76
1
Changing the Role of EWs
76
2
Increasing Use of Outsourcing
78
2
Developing New Leadership
80
1
Conclusions and Emerging Themes
81
8
Organizations Have Changed in Response to the Expanded Mission of CalWORKs, Despite Limited Time for Planning
82
1
Implementation Is Under Way, but Recipient Compliance Is Low
83
1
Counties Currently Have Sufficient Funds, but This May Change
84
1
Achieving Earnings Needed to Achieve Self-Sufficiency Before Time Limits Expire Is a Challenge
85
2
Looking Ahead
87
2
Bibliography
89