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Tables of Contents for A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
v
 
Figures
xi
 
Tables
xiii
 
Summary
xvii
 
Acknowledgments
xxix
 
Acronyms and Abbreviations
xxxi
 
Introduction
1
4
Background
2
1
Methods
2
1
Organization of the Report
3
2
Pesticides
5
10
Background
5
2
What Are Pesticides?
5
1
Pesticide Regulation
6
1
Pesticide Identity and Properties
7
4
Pesticide Use in ODS/DS
11
4
Health Problems in PGWV
15
10
PGWV Report Health Problems
15
1
Symptoms in PGWV
15
1
Comment on Headache
16
1
Increased Symptom Reporting in PGWV
17
4
Factors Associated with Registry Participation
21
1
Information from Epidemiological Investigations of Self-Reported Pesticide Exposure and Illness
22
3
Lindane
25
14
General Information
25
2
Availability and Recommended Use of Lindane During ODS/DS
27
1
Potential Health Effects of Lindane
27
10
Lindane Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics
27
1
Acute Effects
28
5
Chronic, Reproductive, Genetic, and Carcinogenic Effects
33
4
Synthesis
37
2
DEET
39
14
General Information
39
1
Availability and Recommended Use of DEET During ODS/DS
40
1
Potential Health Effects of DEET
41
9
DEET Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics
41
1
Exposure to DEET as Reviewed in the Scientific Literature
42
1
Skin Permeation and Absorption of DEET
43
1
Acute Effects
44
6
Chronic, Reproductive, Genetic, and Carcinogenic Effects
50
1
Synthesis
50
3
Pyrethroids
53
18
Permethrin
53
2
General Information
53
1
Availability and Recommended Use of Permethrin During ODS/DS
53
2
Permethrin Residues
55
1
Phenothrin
55
2
General Information
55
1
Availability and Recommended Use of d-Phenothrin During ODS/DS
56
1
Environmental Characteristics of d-Phenothrin
56
1
d-Phenothrin Residues
57
1
Potential Health Effects of Pyrethroids
57
12
Permethrin
58
4
d-Phenothrin
62
7
Synthesis
69
2
Organophosphates and Carbamates
71
40
Organophosphates
71
10
Azamethiphos
71
1
Chlorpyrifos
72
3
Diazinon
75
1
Dichlorvos
76
3
Malathion
79
2
Carbamates
81
6
Bendiocarb
81
2
Methomyl
83
1
Propoxur
84
3
Potential Health Effects of Organophosphates
87
20
Acute Effects
89
5
Chronic Effects
94
6
Genetic Effects
100
4
Reproductive Effects
104
1
Carcinogenic Effects
105
2
Potential Health Effects of Carbamates
107
3
Genetic Effects
108
1
Reproductive Effects
109
1
Carcinogenic Effects
109
1
Synthesis
110
1
Confounding Factors: Individual Differences and Interactions
111
14
Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Pesticides
111
4
Exposure and Absorption Differences
111
1
Clearance Differences
112
2
Differences in Metabolizing Enzymes Among PGWV
114
1
Nutritional and Other Cofactors
115
1
Interactions
115
10
General Issues
115
1
Interactions Among DEET, PB, and Pesticides
116
2
Interactions Among Pyrethroids, Organophosphates, and Carbamates
118
1
Pesticide Formulations
119
1
Pesticide Interactions with Drugs and Other Exposures
119
6
Concluding Remarks
125
8
General Comments
125
1
The Possible Contribution of Pesticides to Health Problems Reported by PGWV
126
4
Epidemiology
126
1
Individual Differences
127
1
Interactions
128
1
Biological Plausibility and Clinical Evidence
128
2
Concluding Observations
130
3
Appendix: Comparison by Symptom Category of Subjects with AChE-Inhibitor Exposure (Organophosphate or Carbamate) and Ill PGWV
133
10
Bibliography
143