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Tables of Contents for International Cooperation in Research and Development
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
iii
Figures
vii
Tables
ix
Summary
xi
Introduction: Research, Science, and Accountability
1
8
Pros and Cons of Cooperating
2
1
The Larger Trend Toward Accountability
3
1
Boundaries, Scope, and Methodology of This Study
4
4
Actual Activities Versus International Science and Technology Agreements
5
1
Research and Development Versus Science and Technology
5
3
Organization of This Report
8
1
Inventory Methodology
9
6
Source of the Data
9
3
Identifying the Data Set
9
1
Refining the Data Set
10
2
Coding the Data Set
12
1
Strengths and Limitations of This Approach
12
3
Results of Data Collection: Federal Government Spending on International Cooperation In Research and Development
15
14
The Character of International Cooperation in Research and Development
15
4
Multinational and Binational ICRD Activities
16
1
Binational Research
17
2
Fields of Science Represented in ICRD
19
1
Agency Support for ICRD
19
9
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
21
1
Department of Defense (DoD)
22
1
Agency for International Development (AID)
23
1
National Science Foundation (NSF)
23
1
Department of Energy (DoE)
24
1
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
25
1
Smithsonian Institution
26
1
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
27
1
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
27
1
Department of Commerce (DoC)
27
1
Other Agencies
28
1
Mechanisms for Conducting ICRD
28
1
A Framework For Assessing Benefits
29
10
Defining Measurable Benefits
29
2
Measuring Outcomes
31
1
A Framework Approach
32
1
Tools for Measurement
33
3
A Case Study on Earthquakes and Seismology
36
2
Bibliometrics
37
1
Survey
37
1
Expert Judgment: Standards
38
1
Qualitative Findings
38
1
Lessons Learned
38
1
Conclusion
39
1
Scientific Opportunity Versus Political Expediency
39
1
Bringing ICRD Within the Fold of International Science and Technology Agreements
40
1
Improving Data Collection
41
1
Improving Data on Spending
42
3
Appendix
A. Breakdown of Agency Support For ICRD
45
8
B. Outline of Government Programs Reporting International Cooperation in Research and Development (From RaDiUs)
53