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Tables of Contents for Living by the Rules of the Sea
List of Figures and Tablesvii
Bigger Disasters Building to Happen
1
8
Coastal Population Bomb
4
2
Hazards, Vulnerability, Risk, and Mitigation
6
1
What's Wrong with this Island?
6
3
Barrier Islands: Built-In Hazards
9
3
Island Risk Assessment
13
1
Property Damage Mitigation: Regulatory, Structural, Natural
14
1
PAR: Preserve, Augment, Restore
15
1
Storm Processes as Coastal Hazards
19
22
Natural Processes: Energy in Motion
19
5
Wind20
1
Storm Waves20
2
Storm Surge22
1
Currents22
1
Storm-Surge Ebb23
1
Human Modification of the Coast24
1
Sediment Supply: No Deposit-No Return
24
2
Vegetation Cover: The Cap on the Deposit
26
1
The Physical Nature of Hurricanes: All the Processes Rolled into One
26
1
Hurricane Probability and Rank
27
1
Wind: The Universal Agent of Destruction
28
1
Waves: Interfacing with Air, Sea, and Land
28
1
Storm Surge: Landfall and Coming Ashore
29
1
Firms and Surge: Defining the Storm-Surge Risk
30
1
Storm-Surge Ebb: Water Returns to the Sea
31
1
Hurricane Hugo: What We Learned
32
5
Storm History33
1
Impacts of Hurricane Hugo33
2
Storm-Surge Ebb Effects35
2
Role of Vegetation37
1
Extratropical Storms: Don't Write Them Off
37
1
Anatomy of a Winter Storm
38
1
What Happens in a ``Storm of the Century''?
40
1
Coastal Risk Assessment
41
24
Storm Experience Sets New Directions
41
1
Coastal Environments and Associated Hazards
41
5
Extreme Hazard46
1
High Hazard46
1
Moderate Hazard47
1
Low Hazard48
1
Coastal Risk Mapping Technique
48
3
Preliminary Analysis Map
51
3
Inter-Island Scale57
1
Inter-Island Scale58
1
Individual Building Scale59
1
Evolving Approaches to Property Damage Mitigation: Focusing on the Island Front through Engineering and Regulation
65
38
The Great Age of Engineering
66
3
The Sea Bright, New Jersey, Example68
1
The Shift from Engineering to Regulation
69
1
Next Step in Property Damage Mitigation: for the Course
70
1
Hard Stabilization: Hold That Line
70
10
Shore-Parallel Structures on Land71
1
Seawalls71
1
Bulkheads71
1
Revetments72
1
Sandbags72
1
Gabions72
2
Environmental Impact of Seawalls74
1
Unwise Building Location: Major Structure75
1
Seawalls, Sediment Loss, and Narrowing Beaches75
1
Lengthening Walls and Narrowing Beaches76
1
Offshore Breakwaters76
1
Shore-Perpendicular Structures77
1
Groins77
1
Jetties78
1
Hard Stabilization: A Final Word79
1
Beach Replenishment80
3
Project Promises, Politics, and Predictions83
1
A Test of Beach Replenishment Design Validity84
1
``Free'' Beach Replenishment85
1
Beach Scraping (Bulldozing)86
1
Dune Building87
2
Plugging Dune Gaps89
1
Dune Management89
1
Principles of Sand Fencing90
1
Unneeded Dune Building91
1
Living with an Accreting Beach92
1
Soft Stabilization: A Final Word92
1
Relocation: Move 'Em off the Line
93
8
Cape Hatteras Lighthouse: Move It or Lose It!94
3
The 10/100-Year Relocation Concept97
1
The Need for Long-Term Relocation Planning: Bogue Banks, North Carolina98
1
Nags Head, North Carolina: Town on the Move98
1
Setback for Protection99
1
Deep Property Lots for Future Relocation100
1
Relocation: A Final Word101
1
System-Oriented Mitigation: Preserve, Augment, and Restore Nature
101
2
Property Damage Mitigation Back from the Beach
103
20
How to Come Back ``Better''
103
1
Mitigation Based on Mapping
104
1
Island Interior Dunes
105
2
Maritime Forest108
1
Mangroves109
1
Lagoonside Marsh Growth110
1
Orientation and Placement of Roads and Services
111
3
Road Elevation113
1
The Complexity of Barrier Islands: Island Morphology
114
1
Hazards under Construction
117
1
Offshore Rubble117
1
Manufactured Housing118
1
Case Study: A Plan for Folly Beach, South Carolina
118
4
The Sand Commandments
122
1
The In-Between Case: Inlets and Property Damage Mitigation
123
14
Inlet Hazard Area, Historical Inlet: Folly Island, South Carolina130
1
A Stable Modern Inlet: Bogue Inlet, North Carolina130
1
A Migrating Modern Inlet: New Topsail Inlet, North Carolina131
2
A Dredged Modern Inlet: New River Inlet, North Carolina133
1
A Relocated Modern Inlet: Sunset Beach, North Carolina134
2
Potential Inlet Locations and Newly Formed Inlets
136
1
Coastal Zone Hazards and Mitigation Options
137
8
Mitigation Options Summary
139
2
Selected Risk Assessment and Property Damage Mitigation Recommendations: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
145
18
Southampton, Long Island, New York
147
2
Southampton Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations149
1
Bogue Banks, North Carolina
149
4
Bogue Banks Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations151
2
Fernandina Beach, Florida Atlantic Coast
153
3
Fernandina Beach Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations154
2
Venice Beach, Florida Gulf Coast
156
2
Venice Beach Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations157
1
Wakulla County, Florida ``Zero-Energy'' Coast
158
2
Wakulla County Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations159
1
Galveston Island, Texas
160
2
Galveston Island Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations160
2
Commonality of Coastal Communities
162
1
Principles of Property Damage Mitigation
163
8
Lessons for Coastal Management
164
3
The Coastal Processes Approach
167
1
Hazards, Economics, and Politics
167
4
Appendix: Agencies Involved in Coastal Issues
171
2
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