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Tables of Contents for Living by the Rules of the Sea
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Figures and Tables
vii
Preface
xi
Bigger Disasters Building to Happen
1
8
Coastal Population Bomb
4
2
Hazards, Vulnerability, Risk, and Mitigation
6
1
What's Wrong with this Island?
6
3
Learning the Rules
9
10
Barrier Islands: Built-In Hazards
9
3
Playing by the Rules
12
1
Island Risk Assessment
13
1
Property Damage Mitigation: Regulatory, Structural, Natural
14
1
PAR: Preserve, Augment, Restore
15
1
The Rules of the Sea
16
3
Storm Processes as Coastal Hazards
19
22
Natural Processes: Energy in Motion
19
5
Wind
20
1
Storm Waves
20
2
Storm Surge
22
1
Currents
22
1
Storm-Surge Ebb
23
1
Human Modification of the Coast
24
1
Sediment Supply: No Deposit-No Return
24
2
Vegetation Cover: The Cap on the Deposit
26
1
The Physical Nature of Hurricanes: All the Processes Rolled into One
26
1
Hurricane Probability and Rank
27
1
Wind: The Universal Agent of Destruction
28
1
Waves: Interfacing with Air, Sea, and Land
28
1
Storm Surge: Landfall and Coming Ashore
29
1
Firms and Surge: Defining the Storm-Surge Risk
30
1
Storm-Surge Ebb: Water Returns to the Sea
31
1
Hurricane Hugo: What We Learned
32
5
Storm History
33
1
Impacts of Hurricane Hugo
33
2
Storm-Surge Ebb Effects
35
2
Role of Vegetation
37
1
Extratropical Storms: Don't Write Them Off
37
1
Anatomy of a Winter Storm
38
1
Ranking Northeasters
39
1
What Happens in a ``Storm of the Century''?
40
1
Coastal Risk Assessment
41
24
Storm Experience Sets New Directions
41
1
Coastal Environments and Associated Hazards
41
5
Hazard Zones
46
2
Extreme Hazard
46
1
High Hazard
46
1
Moderate Hazard
47
1
Low Hazard
48
1
Coastal Risk Mapping Technique
48
3
Preliminary Analysis Map
51
3
Revised Risk Map
54
3
Variable Scales
57
2
Inter-Island Scale
57
1
Inter-Island Scale
58
1
Individual Building Scale
59
1
The Need for Updating
59
6
Evolving Approaches to Property Damage Mitigation: Focusing on the Island Front through Engineering and Regulation
65
38
Victims of History?
65
1
The Great Age of Engineering
66
3
The Sea Bright, New Jersey, Example
68
1
The Shift from Engineering to Regulation
69
1
Next Step in Property Damage Mitigation: for the Course
70
1
Hard Stabilization: Hold That Line
70
10
Shore-Parallel Structures on Land
71
1
Seawalls
71
1
Bulkheads
71
1
Revetments
72
1
Sandbags
72
1
Gabions
72
2
Environmental Impact of Seawalls
74
1
Unwise Building Location: Major Structure
75
1
Seawalls, Sediment Loss, and Narrowing Beaches
75
1
Lengthening Walls and Narrowing Beaches
76
1
Offshore Breakwaters
76
1
Shore-Perpendicular Structures
77
1
Groins
77
1
Jetties
78
1
Hard Stabilization: A Final Word
79
1
Soft Stabilization
80
13
Beach Replenishment
80
3
Project Promises, Politics, and Predictions
83
1
A Test of Beach Replenishment Design Validity
84
1
``Free'' Beach Replenishment
85
1
Beach Scraping (Bulldozing)
86
1
Dune Building
87
2
Plugging Dune Gaps
89
1
Dune Management
89
1
Principles of Sand Fencing
90
1
Unneeded Dune Building
91
1
Living with an Accreting Beach
92
1
Soft Stabilization: A Final Word
92
1
Relocation: Move 'Em off the Line
93
8
Cape Hatteras Lighthouse: Move It or Lose It!
94
3
The 10/100-Year Relocation Concept
97
1
The Need for Long-Term Relocation Planning: Bogue Banks, North Carolina
98
1
Nags Head, North Carolina: Town on the Move
98
1
Setback for Protection
99
1
Deep Property Lots for Future Relocation
100
1
Relocation: A Final Word
101
1
System-Oriented Mitigation: Preserve, Augment, and Restore Nature
101
2
Property Damage Mitigation Back from the Beach
103
20
How to Come Back ``Better''
103
1
Mitigation Based on Mapping
104
1
Island Interior Dunes
105
2
Coastal Vegetation
107
4
Maritime Forest
108
1
Mangroves
109
1
Lagoonside Marsh Growth
110
1
Orientation and Placement of Roads and Services
111
3
Road Elevation
113
1
The Complexity of Barrier Islands: Island Morphology
114
1
Finger Canals
115
1
Swashbuckling
116
1
Hazards under Construction
117
1
Offshore Rubble
117
1
Manufactured Housing
118
1
Case Study: A Plan for Folly Beach, South Carolina
118
4
The Sand Commandments
122
1
The In-Between Case: Inlets and Property Damage Mitigation
123
14
Inlet Dynamics
124
3
Relict Inlets
127
1
Historical Inlets
128
2
Inlet Hazard Area, Historical Inlet: Folly Island, South Carolina
130
1
Modern Inlets
130
6
A Stable Modern Inlet: Bogue Inlet, North Carolina
130
1
A Migrating Modern Inlet: New Topsail Inlet, North Carolina
131
2
A Dredged Modern Inlet: New River Inlet, North Carolina
133
1
A Relocated Modern Inlet: Sunset Beach, North Carolina
134
2
Potential Inlet Locations and Newly Formed Inlets
136
1
Coastal Zone Hazards and Mitigation Options
137
8
Rules and Reality
137
2
When to Mitigate
139
1
Mitigation Options Summary
139
2
Fantasy Island
141
2
A Complex Picture
143
2
Selected Risk Assessment and Property Damage Mitigation Recommendations: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
145
18
Southampton, Long Island, New York
147
2
Southampton Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations
149
1
Bogue Banks, North Carolina
149
4
Bogue Banks Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations
151
2
Fernandina Beach, Florida Atlantic Coast
153
3
Fernandina Beach Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations
154
2
Venice Beach, Florida Gulf Coast
156
2
Venice Beach Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations
157
1
Wakulla County, Florida ``Zero-Energy'' Coast
158
2
Wakulla County Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations
159
1
Galveston Island, Texas
160
2
Galveston Island Risk Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations
160
2
Commonality of Coastal Communities
162
1
Principles of Property Damage Mitigation
163
8
Lessons for Coastal Management
164
3
The Coastal Processes Approach
167
1
Hazards, Economics, and Politics
167
4
Appendix: Agencies Involved in Coastal Issues
171
2
References
173
4
Index
177
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