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Tables of Contents for Municipal Wastewater Treatment in Central and Eastern Europe
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
vii
Acronyms
ix
Executive Summary
xi
Introduction
1
6
Water Supply, Sewerage, and Municipal Wastewater Treatment
7
14
Poland
8
2
The Czech Republic
10
1
The Slovak Republic
11
1
Hungary
12
1
Bulgaria
13
1
Issues common to all five countries
14
7
An Approach to Develop Wastewater Treatment Strategies
21
4
Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Alternatives
25
18
The purpose of wastewater treatment
25
1
A brief overview of treatment methods
26
1
Sludge disposal and treatment
27
1
Removal rates and costs of technology alternatives
28
1
Comparison of various cost estimates
29
1
A summary of treatment technologies proposed for CEE countries
30
1
The application of chemical upgrading to existing treatment plants
30
1
Cost-effectiveness and multistage development
31
2
The role of receiving waters
33
2
Concluding remarks
35
8
Lessons from Case Studies
43
8
A highly overloaded plant: Zvolen, the Slovak Republic
43
1
A highly overloaded plant with significant industrial pollution: Nove Zamky, the Slovak Republic
44
1
A new treatment plant: Szeged, Hungary
45
1
Wastewater management problems in a metropolis: Prague, the Czech Republic
46
1
The application of natural treatment systems: Szugy, Hungary
47
1
Sludge treatment: Hradec Kralove, the Czech Republic
47
1
Regional eutrophication of a degraded water body: Lake Tata, Hungary
48
1
Development of a regional least-cost policy: the Nitra River Basin, the Slovak Republic
49
2
Costs of Controlling Municipal Effluents in the CEE Region and Country-Specific Strategic Issues
51
6
Estimates of costs and water quality effects of municipal wastewater treatment--alternatives for the five countries
51
2
Country-specific strategic issues
53
4
Conclusions and Recommendations
57
88
Major elements of cost-effective development strategies
58
1
Wastewater treatment
58
1
Costs of controlling municipal effluent in the region and country-specific strategic issues
59
1
Issues of implementation
60
1
Policy impacts and education--demonstration projects
60
85
Annexes
A Biographical Sketches of Report Authors
63
4
B European Community Environmental Directive Requirements for Wastewater Discharges
67
2
C Unit Costs of Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Alternatives
69
4
D Natural Treatment Systems and the Issue of Rural Areas
73
2
E Maps and Figures
75
70
1 Countries and towns included in the CEE data base
2 Population in towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
3 Total wastewater discharge in towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
4 Total BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
5 Level of wastewater treatment technology in towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
6 Influent and effluent BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
7 Influent and effluent total nitrogen load in wastewater in towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
8 Per capita domestic wastewater production in towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
9 Per capita total and industrial wastewater production in towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
10 Projected BOD concentration in receiving water at towns in the Vistula River basin, Poland
11 Population in towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
12 Total wastewater discharge in towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
13 Total BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
14 Level of wastewater treatment technology in towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
15 Influent and effluent BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
16 Influent and effluent BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
17 Per capita domestic wastewater production in towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
18 Per capita total and industrial wastewater production in towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
19 Projected BOD concentration in receiving water at towns in the Odra River basin, Poland
20 Population in towns in the Czech Republic
21 Total wastewater discharge in towns in the Czech Republic
22 Total BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Czech Republic
23 Level of wastewater treatment technology in towns in the Czech Republic
24 Influent and effluent BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Czech Republic
25 Percentage of population connected to public water supply and wastewater sewers in towns in the Czech Republic
26 Per capita domestic and total water supply in towns in the Czech Republic
27 Per capita water supplied versus wastewater collected and treated in towns in the Czech Republic
28 Projected BOD concentration in receiving water at towns in the Czech Republic
29 Population in towns in the Slovak Republic
30 Total wastewater discharge in towns in the Slovak Republic
31 Total BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Slovak Republic
32 Level of wastewater treatment technology in towns in the Slovak Republic
33 Influent and effluent BOD load in wastewater in towns in the Slovak Republic
34 Percentage of population connected to public water supply and wastewater sewers in towns in the Slovak Republic
35 Per capita domestic and total water supply in towns in the Slovak Republic
36 Per capita water supplied versus wastewater collected and treated in towns in the Slovak Republic
37 Population in towns in Hungary
38 Total wastewater discharge in towns in Hungary
39 Total BOD load in wastewater in towns in Hungary
40 Level of wastewater treatment technology in towns in Hungary
41 Influent and effluent BOD load in wastewater in towns in Hungary
42 Percentage of population connected to public water supply and wastewater sewers in towns in Hungary
43 Per capita domestic and total water supply in towns in Hungary
44 Per capita water supplied versus wastewater collected and treated in towns in Hungary
45 Projected BOD concentration in receiving water at towns in Hungary
46 Population in towns in Bulgaria
47 Total wastewater discharge in towns in Bulgaria
48 Total BOD load in wastewater in towns in Bulgaria
49 Level of wastewater treatment technology in towns in Bulgaria
50 Influent and effluent BOD load in wastewater in towns in Bulgaria
51 Percentage of population connected to public water supply and wastewater sewers in towns in Bulgaria
52 Per capita domestic and total water supply in towns in Bulgaria
53 Per capita water supplied versus wastewater collected and treated in towns in Bulgaria
54 Projected BOD concentration in receiving water at towns in Bulgaria
55 Distribution of population by number of towns
56 The effect of scale on the cost of traditional biological wastewater treatment
57 Multistage upgrading of an existing primary treatment plant
58 Multistage upgrading of an existing primary and biological treatment plant
59 Evaluation of multistage upgrading of wastewater treatment plants
60 Aggregated pollutant load reduction for CEE countries as a function of wastewater treatment costs
61 Investment cost versus annual operation, maintenance, and repair cost for treatment technology alternatives
62 Wastewater treatment plant expenditures for the Czech Republic
63 Percentage completion of wastewater treatment plants in Vistula River basin, Poland
64 Costs of planned wastewater treatment plant improvements in Vistula River basin, Poland
65 Percentage completion of wastewater treatment plants in Odra River basin, Poland
66 Costs of planned wastewater treatment plant improvements in Odra River basin, Poland
67 Percentage completion of wastewater treatment plants in the Slovak Republic
68 Costs of planned wastewater treatment plant improvements in Hungary
Bibliography
145
Tables
1.1 Summary for the five countries
19
1.2 Summary of population distribution in towns considered in this study
20
3.1 Treatment alternatives used in analysis
36
3.2 Effluent concentrations, removal rates, and sludge production for technology alternatives
37
3.3 Comparison of relative investment costs of different treatment plants
38
3.4 Comparison of unit treatment costs
39
3.5 Unit costs of different treatment technologies
39
3.6 Cost-effectiveness of technology development
40
3.7 Comparison of single-stage and multistage treatment plant development
41
3.8 Dilution rate (Q/q) for various treatment technologies and ambient BOD improvements in rivers
41
B.1 Requirements for discharges from urban wastewater treatment plants
67
B.2 Requirements for discharges from urban wastewater treatment plants to sensitive areas subject to eutrophication
68
C.1 Annualized unit costs for village wastewater treatment plants in US/m3
69
C.2 Annualized unit costs for township wastewater treatment plants in US/m3
70
C.3 Annualized unit costs for city wastewater treatment plants in US/m3
71
C.4 Annualized unit costs of sludge treatment in US/m3
72