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Tables of Contents for Politics and Religion in the United States
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvii
The Politics and Religion Website
xxi
Introduction
1
2
Religion and Politics: Working Definitions
3
4
Definition of Religion
3
2
Definition of Politics
5
2
Religion and Politics: Their Roles in Human Life
7
3
The Roles of Religion
7
1
The Roles of Politics
8
1
Religion and Politics: Common Concerns
8
2
A Typology of Views on the Proper Relationship of Religion and Politics
10
1
Complete Domination: Theocracy and Secular Suppression of Religion
10
11
Establishments of Religion
13
3
The Separation of Church and State
16
3
American Civil Religion
19
2
Summary and Conclusions
21
1
Important Terms
22
1
Review Questions
22
1
Discussion Questions
22
1
References
23
4
PART I Religion and History
The Colonial Experience
27
24
Overview
27
2
Some Qualifications About the Examination of Colonial America
29
1
The Massachusetts Bay Colony: Puritans
30
7
Motives for the Colony
30
1
The Covenant
31
1
The Elect and Citizenship
32
1
Puritan Intolerance
33
1
The Erosion of Puritanism
34
1
Puritanism's Legacy
35
2
The Other British Colonies
37
4
Plymouth: The Pilgrims
37
1
Rhode Island and Religious Liberty
38
1
Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies
39
1
The Southern Colonies
40
1
The Great Awakening
41
3
Solomon Stoddard (1643--1729) and Jonathan Edwards (1703--1758)
George Whitefield (1714--1770)
43
1
Effects of the Great Awakening
43
1
Rational Religion
44
2
The European Enlightenment in the Colonies
44
1
Enlightenment Religion
45
1
Rational Religion and Revolutionary Politics
46
1
Summary and Conclusions
46
1
Important Terms
47
1
Review Questions
47
1
Discussion Questions
47
1
For Further Reading
48
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
48
1
References
49
2
Religion and Politics: Intentions of the Founders
51
36
Overview
51
2
The Revolutionary Era
53
7
Overview of Events
53
2
Rationalists and Pietists in the Revolutionary Coalition
55
1
Pietists
55
1
Religious Rationalists
55
1
Deism
56
1
The Basis of the Coalition
57
1
Wrapping the Revolution in Religion
57
1
The Declaration of Independence
58
2
The Founders
60
8
Thomas Jefferson (1743--1826)
60
2
James Madison (1751--1836)
62
2
George Washington (1723--1799)
64
1
Benjamin Franklin (1706--1790)
65
1
John Adams (1735--1826)
66
1
Brief Comments on Other Founders
67
1
Establishment and Disestablishment in the States
68
8
Establishments in the States
68
3
Disestablishment and Religious Liberty in Virginia
71
5
Religious Clauses in the United States Constitution
76
5
The Unamended Constitution
76
2
Adding the Bill of Rights
78
3
Summary and Conclusions
81
2
Important Terms
83
1
Review Questions
83
1
Discussion Questions
84
1
For Further Reading
84
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
85
1
References
85
2
Religion and Politics in United States History, 1800--1959
87
26
Overview
87
1
Background
88
4
The Benevolent Empire
89
1
Revival and Perfectionism
89
1
The Social Gospel Movement
90
1
The Climate of Crisis and Its Results
91
1
Religion and the Slavery Question
92
4
Both Sides Cited the Bible
92
1
Denominational Differences
93
2
Long-Term Effects
95
1
Religion, Temperance, and Prohibition
96
2
A Protestant Crusade
97
1
Women and Prohibition
98
1
The Churches and Broad Programs for Social Reform
98
2
The ``Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction''
99
1
The Social Ideals of the Churches
99
1
Religious Liberals, Conservatives, and Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal
100
1
Religion, Peace, and War
101
8
Three Approaches to War
101
3
Attitudes Toward Particular Wars
104
5
Summary and Conclusions
109
1
Important Terms
110
1
Review Questions
110
1
Discussion Questions
110
1
For Further Reading
111
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
111
1
References
112
1
Religion and Politics Since 1960
113
38
Overview
113
2
The Decade of the Sixties
115
3
The Civil Rights Movement
115
1
The War in Southeast Asia and Questioning the ``Establishment''
115
1
Murders and Moral Mayhem
116
1
Technology Outstripping Ethics
117
1
Religious Lobbies in Washington
118
8
Liberal Protestants
118
2
Fundamentalists
120
1
Catholics
121
2
Jews
123
2
Evangelical Protestants
125
1
Black Evangelicals
126
1
Politics, Religion, and Civil Rights
126
4
King's Approach
127
2
A Diversity of Views
129
1
The New Christian Right
130
6
The Emergence of the New Christian Right
130
2
The New Christian Right and the Republican Party
132
1
The Evolution of the New Christian Right
133
2
The New Christian Right and the Heritage of Puritanism
135
1
Conservatives and Social Action
136
1
The Religiously Conservative Social Progressives: Stands on the Issues
136
1
Christian Television
137
4
A Dramatic Shift: 1960 and Beyond
138
1
Conservative Religion and Modern Technology: Natural Partners
138
1
Christian Television Summarized
139
1
The Meaning of Conservative Christian Television
140
1
Christian Television: Personalities and Politics
141
1
Summary and Conclusions
141
1
Important Terms
142
1
Review Questions
143
1
Discussion Questions
143
1
For Further Reading
143
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
144
1
References
145
6
PART II Religion and the First Amendment
The Establishment Clause
151
28
Overview
151
1
Background and Context
152
5
The First Amendment and Religious Liberty
152
2
Developments Since the First Amendment
154
2
Three Types of Cases
156
1
``Congress Shall Make No Law Respecting an Establishment of Religion''
157
4
Three Principles for Establishment Clause Cases
157
2
Major Establishment Cases
159
2
Government Aid to Religiously Sponsored Primary and Secondary Schools
161
3
The Aid Must Be Available to All Students
161
1
Aid Should Not Be Paid Directly to the School
162
1
Excessive Entanglement and Paying for Personnel
163
1
There Must Be No Religious Content Involved
164
1
Religious Activities in Public Schools
164
3
Devotional Activities
164
2
Creation and Evolution
166
1
Equal Access
167
1
Religious Activities and Post-Secondary Education
167
3
Monetary Aid
168
1
Equal Access
169
1
Other Establishment Clause Cases
170
3
Taxation and Entanglement
170
1
Holiday Displays
171
2
Summary and Conclusions
173
1
Important Terms
174
1
Review Questions
174
1
Discussion Questions
175
1
For Further Reading
175
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
176
1
References
176
3
The Free Exercise Clause
179
40
Overview
179
2
Perspectives on Interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause
181
1
In the Beginning: Reynolds v. United States
182
2
Belief and Action
182
1
Secular Regulation Rule
183
1
Conscientious Objection and Religiously Motivated Action
184
3
World War I and the Selective Service Act of 1940
184
1
The Universal Millitary Training and Service Act
185
1
The Evolution of the Definitions of Conscientious Objection
185
2
Jehovah's Witnesses, Evangelism, and the Free Exercise of Religion
187
5
The Witnesses and the Pledge of Allegiance
187
3
Door-to-Door Evangelism and Literature Distribution
190
1
Other Witnesses Cases
191
1
Sabbatarians, Saturday Work Exemptions, and Title VII
192
5
``Blue Laws''
193
1
Sherbert and the Compelling Interest Test
194
1
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Religious Discrimination in the Workplace
195
1
Religious Discrimination Compared with Racial or Gender Discrimination
196
1
Religious Employers and the Law
197
1
Native Americans, Sacred Lands, and National Parks
197
2
Background
197
2
The American Indian Religious Freedom Act
199
1
Native Americans, Peyote, Woody, and Smith
199
8
Background
199
1
Oregon v. Smith and the Reversal of the Compelling Interest Test
200
3
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act
203
4
Establishment and Free Exercise: Conflicting or Complementary?
207
3
Tension Between the Clauses
207
2
An Illustrative Case
209
1
Summary and Conclusions
210
1
Important Terms
211
1
Review Questions
212
1
Discussion Questions
212
1
For Further Reading
213
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
213
1
References
214
5
PART III RELIGION AND PUBLIC OPINION
Public Opinion About Religion and Politics
219
36
Overview
219
1
The Public's Abstract Views on Church-State Relations
220
3
The Public's Abstract Attitudes Toward Religious Establishment
221
1
The Public's Abstract Attitudes Toward Religious Free Exercise
222
1
The Public's Concrete Views on Church-State Relations
223
10
Establishment Issues
223
3
Free Exercise Issues
226
4
Free Exercise Views versus Establishment Views
230
3
A Case in Point: Public Attitudes About Prayer and Religious Observance in Public Schools
233
3
Elite Views on Church and State
236
11
Elite Attitudes Toward Prayer in Public Schools
237
4
Elite Views on Abstract Establishment Issues
241
2
Elite Views on Concrete Establishment Issues
243
2
Elite Views on Concrete Religious Free Exercise Issues
245
2
Summary and Conclusions
247
3
Important Terms
250
1
Review Questions
250
1
Discussion Questions
251
1
For Further Reading
252
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
252
1
References
253
2
Religious Orientations and Political Orientations Among White Americans
255
42
Overview
255
1
Sources and Limitations of Links Between Religion and Politics
256
4
Why Are Religious and Political Orientations Linked?
256
2
Why Aren't Religious-Political Links Stronger?
258
2
Political and Religious Orientations Used Here
260
3
NORC GSS Surveys
260
1
Political Orientations
261
1
Religious Orientations
262
1
Political Attitudes and Religious Identifications
263
12
``Nones''
264
3
Jews
267
2
Catholics
269
2
Mainline Protestants
271
2
Evangelical Protestants
273
2
Biblical Literalism and Political Orientations
275
7
Biblical Literalism, Political Identifications, and Voting
275
3
Biblical Literalism and Political Issues
278
4
Religious Commitment and Political Orientations
282
5
The Meaning and Measurement of Religious Commitment
282
3
Religious Commitment, Political Identifications, and Voting Preferences
285
1
Political Issues by Religious Commitment
286
1
Summary and Conclusions
287
4
Important Terms
291
1
Review Questions
291
1
Discussion Questions
292
1
For Further Reading
292
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
293
1
References
293
4
Religion and Politics Among Black Americans
297
38
Overview
297
1
Historical Development of the Black Church
298
8
Black Religion During Slavery
299
2
Black Religion from Reconstruction to the Great Urban Migration
301
1
Black Religion from the Great Urban Migration to the Civil Rights Period
302
1
Black Religion in the Civil Rights Period
303
1
The Black Church in Politics Today
304
2
Relgious-Political Challenges to the Black Church
306
5
Black Liberation Theology
307
1
Islam
308
3
Black Religion: Opiate or Inspiration?
311
4
The Opiate View
312
1
The Inspiration View
313
2
Race Differences in Religious and Political Attitudes
315
5
Religious Differences
316
1
Political Differences
317
3
Links Between Religious and Political Attitudes Among Black Americans
320
5
Religious Group Identification
320
1
Biblical Literalism
321
1
Religious Commitment
322
3
Summary and Conclusions
325
3
Important Terms
328
1
Review Questions
328
1
Discussion Questions
329
1
For Further Reading
330
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
330
1
References
331
4
PART IV Effects of Religious Influences in Politics
Religious Groups as Political Interest Groups
335
48
Overview
335
1
Increasing Diversity of Religious Interest Groups
336
1
Strategies of Interest Groups
337
6
Referendum Voting
337
1
Shaping Public Opinion
338
1
Grassroots Efforts
338
1
Media Efforts
339
1
Seeking Public Office
340
1
Electoral Campaign Efforts
340
2
Lobbying
342
1
Court Cases
342
1
Protest
343
1
Types of Religious Interest Groups
343
3
Church-Based Groups versus Individual Membership Groups
343
1
Strengths and Limitations of Each
344
2
Lobbying by Religious Interest Groups
346
9
Legal Limitations on Political Activities of Religious Interest Groups
346
1
General Strategies of Lobbying
347
3
Coalitions
350
1
Distinctiveness of Religious Lobbying
351
1
Lobbying Co-religionists in Public Office
352
1
Access
353
1
Effectiveness of Religious Lobbying
354
1
Representativeness of Religious Leaders
355
3
The Gap Between Mainline Protestant Clergy and Church Members
355
1
Delegate Role Versus Trustee Role of Church Leaders
356
1
Increased Representativeness of Religious Lobbyists
357
1
Jewish Interest Groups
358
2
Mainline Protestant Groups
360
2
Catholic Groups
362
3
Conservative Protestant Groups: Evangelicals and the New Christain Right:
365
9
Evangelical Groups
366
1
The New Christian Right (NCR)
367
7
Summary and Conclusions
374
2
Important Terms
376
1
Review Questions
376
1
Discussion Questions
376
1
For Further Reading
377
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
378
1
References
378
5
The Debate on the Role of Religion in Public Life
383
34
Overview
383
2
The Role of Religion in Public Life: Four Theoretical Views
385
1
The High Wall of Separation
386
4
The Absoluteness of Religion and the Civility of Public Discourse
386
1
Not Just Different, but Incompatible Premises
387
1
Humanist Manifesto II and A Secular Humanist Declaration
388
1
American Atheists and the Freedom from Religion Foundation
388
1
Normative or Inevitable?
389
1
Mixing Religion and Politics Is Bad for Religion
390
3
A Baptist Voice
390
1
The Success of a Free Market
390
1
The Danger of Idolatry
391
1
That Which God Hath Not Joined
391
2
A Working Partnership I: Religion as a Necessary Support for Democracy
393
4
The Inadequacy of Secular Value Systems
394
1
Christian Faith and Democratic Values
395
1
A Broad Consensus of Essential Values
396
1
Religion as a Necessary Mediating Structure
397
4
Religion as an Alternative to the Liberal Democratic Order
397
1
The Naked Public Square
398
1
A Culture of Disbelief?
399
2
A Working Partnership II: The Church and the Maintenance of Civil Order
401
1
Christian Reconstructionism in Outline
402
1
So How Is the Church to Be Involved? A Composite Proposal
402
2
``Culture War'': Two Religious Cultures at Odds
404
4
The Two Opposing Camps
405
2
The Culture War and the Civil Religion
407
1
Common Ground Politics: A New Politics Beyond Left and Right?
408
2
Three Premises
408
1
Practical Implications
409
1
Summary and Conclusions
410
1
Important Terms
411
1
Review Questions
411
1
Discussion Questions
412
1
For Further Reading
412
2
Relevant World Wide Websites
414
1
References
414
3
Conclusion
417
32
Politics and Religion: A Common Concern with Values
417
2
Culture Wars ... And Beyond?
419
1
The Proper Role of Religion: Private, Public, or Both?
420
1
Interpreting the Religion Clauses
420
1
Religion Variables as Predictors of Political Attitudes and Identifications
421
1
Religious Groups as Political Interest Groups
422
1
The Millennium
422
1
A Secular or Religious Nation?
422
3
APPENDICES
Appendix A Profiles of Religious Groups in the United States
425
18
Overview
425
1
Religious Identification
425
1
The Judeo-Christian Tradition
426
1
The Predominant Majority: Christianity
427
1
Protestant Christians
428
2
Catholic Christians
430
1
Jews in the United States
431
2
Secular and Nominally Religious Persons
433
1
The Changing Shape of Religion in the United States: Liberals and Conservatives
434
1
Fundamentalist Christains
435
1
Christain Liberals
436
1
Christian Conservatives or Moderates
437
1
Other Religions in the United States
438
1
Latter-day Saints (Mormons)
438
1
Other World Religions in the United States
439
2
For Further Reading
441
1
Relevant World Wide Websites
441
1
References
441
2
Appendix B Further Information About NORC GSS Question Wording
443
6
Political Tolerance Questions
443
1
Social Issues
444
1
Abortion
445
1
Racial Equality
445
1
Sexual Equality
445
1
Support for Social Welfare
446
1
Religious Commitment
446
3
Index
449