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Tables of Contents for Changing Public Sector Values
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
xiii
4
Introduction
xvii
The Importance of Clarifying Contemporary Values
xvii
2
Purpose of the Book
xix
1
Structure of the Book
xx
2
Audiences
xxii
1
Definition of the Subjects of This Study
xxiii
1
Acknowledgments
xxiv
1
Notes
xxv
PART I Values Endorsed in Public Administration
3
30
CHAPTER 1 The Five Value Sources Used in Decisionmaking in the Public Sector
3
30
Problems in Identifying Sources of Decisionmaking
4
4
Which Are the Key Sources or Value Sets?
4
2
The Problem of Source Definition
6
1
Which Source Takes Precedence When Sources Compete?
7
1
The Five Major Sources of Values
8
15
Individual Values
8
4
Professional Values
12
2
Organizational Values
14
4
Legal Values
18
2
Public Interest Values
20
3
Conclusion
23
3
Notes
26
7
PART II An In-Depth Look at Values Endorsed in Public Administration
33
130
CHAPTER 2 The Role of Individuals' Values
33
28
The Individual Values Environment in American Society
34
4
A Contemporary View of Moral Development
35
3
Individual Values in the Public Sector
38
8
Strong Civic Integrity Is Critical for Public Employees
38
4
Public Servants Have Basic Rights As Citizens
42
3
Public Administrators Are Capable of Unique Contributions
45
1
The Potential Contributions of Individual Values
46
2
Civic Integrity Increases Citizens' Trust That Their Interests Are Being Faithfully Executed
47
1
Civic Integrity Reduces Reliance on Laws and Rules
47
1
Individual Values Challenge the Excesses of the State and Other Value Sets
48
1
Acknowledgment of Individual Contributions and Leadership Is Both Practical and Humane
48
1
Problems with Excessive Reliance on Individual Values
48
3
Substitution of Legal Values by Personal Values
49
1
Usurpation of the Public Interest by Individual Values
50
1
Conclusion
51
2
Notes
53
8
CHAPTER 3 The Role of Professional Values
61
20
The Professional Values Environment
62
6
A Systematic Body of Knowledge
62
1
A Professional Culture
62
1
Sanctions of the Community
63
1
A Regulative Code of Ethics
63
1
Substantial Professional Authority
64
1
The Evolution of Professions
64
4
What Are Professional Values in the Public Sector?
68
6
Determinants of Professionalism and the Public Sector
70
4
What Are the Potential Contributions of Professional Values?
74
2
What Are the Problems of Excessive Reliance on Professional Values?
76
1
Conclusion
77
1
Notes
78
3
CHAPTER 4 The Role of Organizational Values
81
36
The Organizational Values Environment
81
13
Environmental Conditions
83
2
Effectiveness Criteria
85
2
Culture Types
87
4
Leadership Types
91
3
What Are Public Sector Organizational Values?
94
13
Evolution of the Hierarchical Culture in the Public Sector
94
1
The Movement Away from Bureaucratic Hierarchies
95
2
Emerging Organizational Culture Values
97
10
What Are the Potential Contributions of Organizational Values?
107
1
What Are the Potential Problems of Excessive Reliance on Organizational Values?
107
1
Notes
108
9
CHAPTER 5 The Role of Legal Values
117
18
The Role of Legal Values in Public Administration
118
6
Four Basic Assumptions About Legal Values
119
3
What Is "Subordination," and How Much Is Enough?
122
2
The Contributions of Legal Values in the Public Sector
124
2
The Problems of the Legal Values of Public Administration
126
2
Conclusion
128
1
Notes
129
6
CHAPTER 6 The Role of Public Interest Values
135
28
The Public Interest Values Environment
136
8
Systematic Governance
137
1
Representational Democracy
137
1
Division and Separation of Political Power Through Federalism
138
1
Protection and Celebration of Individualism
139
2
Protection of Religious Choice as an Individual Right
141
1
A Relatively Pure Form of Capitalism
142
2
Public Administration and Public Interest Values
144
7
Implementing Policy but Not Usurping the Process or Amassing Power
144
2
Being Efficient and Effective with the Public's Resources
146
2
Supporting the Public's Right to Know
148
1
Supporting the Public's Right to Be Involved
149
2
Contributions of Public Interest Values for Public Administrators
151
1
Potential Problems of Public Interest Values of Public Administrators
151
1
Conclusion
152
1
A Summary of the Five Sources and Part II
153
2
Notes
155
8
PART III Analyzing Values Using a Cultural Framework Perspective
163
94
CHAPTER 7 The Cultural Framework and an Analysis of the Origins of Basic Assumptions in Public Administration
163
24
The Four Levels of the Cultural Framework
165
5
The Tangible Levels of Culture
167
1
The Values Levels of Culture
167
3
The Four Levels as Determinants of Actions
170
2
Basic Assumptions as a Determinant of Action
172
5
Assumptions Flowing from General Philosophy
172
2
Assumptions Flowing from Political Philosophy
174
2
Assumptions Flowing from the Ethical Subsystem
176
1
Conclusion
177
2
Notes
179
8
CHAPTER 8 Decisionmaking Paradigms for Public Administration: Values at Level 3
187
12
What Do the Three Paradigms Look Like?
189
7
A Four-Point Comparison of the Paradigms
193
3
Conclusion
196
1
Notes
197
2
CHAPTER 9 Selection of a Decisionmaking Process: Values at Level 2
199
34
Twelve Types of Rationality and Decisionmaking Processes
202
20
Market (Rational Choice) Rationality
202
2
Reasoned Choice Rationality
204
2
Nonlinear Systems Rationality
206
2
Human Needs Rationality
208
1
Coercive Rationality
209
2
Traditional Rationality
211
1
Religious Rationality
212
2
Altruistic Rationality
214
1
Elite Rationality
215
3
Democratic Rationality
218
1
Legal Rationality
219
2
Anarchic Rationality
221
1
Conclusion
222
5
Notes
227
6
CHAPTER 10 Using a Decisionmaking Process: Reasoned Choice Models (Level 1)
233
24
Characteristics of Values in Practical Decisions
234
3
Strengths and Weaknesses of Values in Practical Decisionmaking
235
1
An Example of Decisionmaking and Values in the Public Sector
236
1
Decisionmaking Models
237
9
Instinctive Models
238
1
Simple Models
238
2
Reasoned Choice Decisionmaking Models
240
3
A Contingency Approach
243
1
Reasoned Choice Decisionmaking at Other Levels
244
2
The Special Nature of Decisionmaking in American Public Administration
246
5
Excessive Discretion
249
1
Insufficient Discretion
249
1
Moderate Discretion
250
1
Conclusion
251
1
Notes
252
5
PART IV Shaping and Managing Values to Ensure Coherence and Legitimacy
257
64
CHAPTER 11 Encouraging the "Right" Values
257
32
Consensus About Values
258
15
Determining the Environment of Current Values
260
10
Supporting a Consensus on Values When It Exists
270
1
Establishing a Consensus on Values When Significant Disagreement Exists
271
2
Education About Values
273
5
A Prerequisite for Consensus: Knowledge and Awareness
273
1
A Simple Model for Evaluating Consciousness of Values
274
4
Use of Incentives and Disincentives in Value Systems
278
4
Goals of Incentive Plans for Values
278
1
Transmittal of Organizational Culture
279
1
Common Elements of Incentive Plans for Values
280
2
Conclusion
282
1
Notes
283
6
CHAPTER 12 Identifying the "Right" Controls to Monitor and Limit Administrative Discretion
289
26
The Functions of Controls of Public Organizations
290
2
The Types and Sources of Control
292
1
Examples of the Seven Types of Control
292
11
Control by Laws
294
1
Control by Rules
295
1
Control by Public Opinion
296
1
Control by Virtue
297
1
Control by Norms
298
1
Control by Competition
299
2
Control by Comparison
301
2
Current Shifts in Emphasis
303
6
Laws and Rules
303
3
Public Opinion
306
1
Virtue
307
1
Norms
308
1
Competition and Comparison
308
1
Conclusion
309
1
Notes
310
5
CHAPTER 13 Conclusion
315
6
A Summary of the Main Points of the Book
316
4
Notes
320
1
Index
321