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Tables of Contents for Building Scientific Apparatus
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
Mechanical Design and Fabrication
Tools and Shop Processes
2
10
Hand Tools
2
1
Machines for Making Holes
2
3
The Lathe
5
2
Milling Machines
7
2
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
9
1
Grinders
10
1
Tools for Working Sheet Metal
10
1
Casting
11
1
Materials
12
10
Parameters to Specify Properties of Materials
12
3
Heat Treating and Cold Working
15
2
Iron and Steel
17
1
Nickel Alloys
18
1
Copper and Copper Alloys
18
1
Aluminum Alloys
19
1
Other Metals
19
1
Plastics
20
1
Glasses and Ceramics
21
1
Joining Materials
22
10
Soldering
22
1
Brazing
23
1
Welding
24
1
Threaded Fasteners
25
5
Rivets
30
1
Pins
30
1
Retaining Rings
31
1
Adhesives
31
1
Mechanical Drawing
32
9
Drawing Tools
32
1
Basic Principles of Mechanical Drawing
33
2
Dimensions
35
3
Tolerances
38
2
From Design to Working Drawings
40
1
Physical Principles of Mechanical Design
41
6
Bending of a Beam or Shaft
41
3
Twisting of a Shaft
44
1
Vibration of Beams and Shafts
44
1
Shaft Whirl and Vibration
45
2
Stress Relief
47
1
Constrained Motion
47
16
Kinematic Design
48
1
Plain Bearings
49
2
Ball Bearings
51
1
Linear-Motion Bearings
52
1
Springs
53
1
Flexures
54
3
Cited References
57
1
General References
57
1
Manufacturers and Suppliers
58
5
Working With Glass
Properties of Glasses
63
2
Chemical Composition and Properties of Some Laboratory Glasses
63
1
Thermal Properties of Laboratory Glasses
64
1
Optical Properties of Laboratory Glassware
65
1
Mechanical Properties of Glass
65
1
Laboratory Components Available in Glass
65
3
Tubing and Rod
66
1
Demountable Joints
66
1
Valves and Stopcocks
67
1
Graded Glass Seals and Glass-to-Metal Seals
68
1
Laboratory Glassblowing Skills
68
13
The Glassblower's Tools
69
1
Cutting Glass Tubing
70
1
Pulling Points
71
1
Sealing Off Tubing: The Test-Tube End
71
1
Making a T-Seal
72
2
Making a Straight Seal
74
1
Making a Ring Seal
75
1
Bending Glass Tubing
75
1
Annealing
76
1
Sealing Glass to Metal
77
1
Grinding and Drilling Glass
78
1
Cited References
79
1
General References
79
1
Manufacturers and Suppliers
79
2
Vacuum Technology
Gases
81
2
The Nature of the Residual Gases in a Vacuum System
81
1
Gas Kinetic Theory
82
1
Surface Collisions
83
1
Bulk Behavior versus Molecular Behavior
83
1
Gas Flow
83
3
Parameters for Specifying Gas Flow
83
1
Network Equations
84
1
The Master Equation
84
1
Conductance Formulae
85
1
Pumpdown Time
86
1
Outgassing
86
1
Pressure and Flow Measurement
86
6
Mechanical Gauges
86
2
Thermal-Conductivity Gauges
88
1
Viscous-Drag Gauges
89
1
Ionization Gauges
89
2
Mass Spectrometers
91
1
Flowmeters
91
1
Vacuum Pumps
92
12
Mechanical Pumps
93
4
Vapor Diffusion Pumps
97
3
Entrainment Pumps
100
4
Vacuum Hardware
104
16
Materials
104
2
Demountable Vacuum Connections
106
3
Valves
109
2
Mechanical Motion in the Vacuum System
111
2
Traps and Baffles
113
2
Molecular Beams and Gas Jets
115
3
Electronics and Electricity in Vacuo
118
2
Vacuum System Design and Construction
120
19
Typical Vacuum Systems
121
5
Differential Pumping
126
1
The Construction of Metal Vacuum Apparatus
127
4
Surface Preparation
131
1
Leak Detection
132
1
Ultrahigh Vacuum
132
1
Cited References
133
1
General References
133
1
Manufacturers and Suppliers
134
5
Optics
Optical Terminology
139
3
Characterization and Analysis of Optical Systems
142
31
Simple Reflection and Refraction Analysis
142
1
Paraxial-Ray Analysis
143
10
Imaging and Non-Imaging Optical Systems
153
10
The Use of Impedances in Optics
163
7
Gaussian Beams
170
3
Optical Components
173
47
Mirrors
173
4
Windows
177
1
Lenses and Lens Systems
178
6
Prisms
184
5
Diffraction Gratings
189
3
Polarizers
192
7
Optical Isolators
199
1
Filters
200
3
Fiber Optics
203
3
Precision Mechanical Movement Systems
206
3
Devices for Positional and Orientational Adjustment of Optical Components
209
6
Optical Tables and Vibration Isolation
215
1
Alignment of Optical Systems
216
1
Mounting Optical Components
216
2
Cleaning Optical Components
218
2
Optical Materials
220
13
Materials for Windows, Lenses, and Prisms
220
11
Materials for Mirrors and Diffraction Gratings
231
2
Optical Sources
233
14
Coherence
233
1
Radiometry: Units and Definitions
234
1
Photometry
235
1
Line Sources
236
1
Continuum Sources
237
10
Lasers
247
29
General Principles of Laser Operation
254
1
General Features of Laser Design
255
3
Specific Laser Systems
258
10
Laser Radiation
268
1
Coupling Light from a Source to an Aperture
269
2
Optical Modulators
271
2
How to Work Safely with Light Sources
273
3
Optical Dispersing Instruments
276
21
Comparison of Prism and Grating Spectrometers
278
1
Design of Spectrometers and Spectrographs
279
5
Calibration of Spectrometers and Spectrographs
284
1
Fabry-Perot Interferometers and Etalons
284
9
Design Considerations for Fabry-Perot Systems
293
1
Double-Beam Interferometers
293
4
Detectors
297
60
Figures of Merit for Detectors
299
3
Photoemissive Detectors
302
10
Photoconductlve Detectors
312
5
Photovoltaic Detectors (Photodiodes)
317
3
Detector Arrays
320
1
Thermal Detectors
320
4
Detector Calibration
324
1
Cited References
325
6
General References
331
4
Manufacturers and Suppliers
335
22
Changed-Particle Optics
Basic Concepts of Charged-Particle Optics
357
2
Brightness
357
1
Sne11's Law
358
1
The Helmholtz-Lagrange Law
358
1
Vignetting
359
1
Electrostatic Lenses
359
11
Geometrical Optics of Thick Lenses
359
2
Cylinder Lenses
361
2
Aperture Lenses
363
1
Matrix Methods
364
1
Aberrations
365
3
Lens Design Example
368
2
Computer Simulations
370
1
Charged-Particle Sources
370
6
Electron Guns
371
1
Electron-Gun Design Example
372
2
Ion Sources
374
2
Energy Analyzers
376
9
Parallel-Plate Analyzers
377
1
Cylindrical Analyzers
378
2
Spherical Analyzers
380
1
Preretardation
381
1
The Energy-Add Lens
382
1
Fringing-Field Correction
382
1
Magnetic Energy Analyzers
383
2
Mass Analyzers
385
2
Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzers
385
1
Wien Filter
385
1
Dynamic Mass Spectrometers
386
1
Electron- and Ion-beam Devices: Construction
387
13
Vacuum Requirements
387
1
Materials
387
1
Lens and Lens-Mount Design
388
1
Charged-Particle Detection
389
4
Magnetic Field Control
393
2
Cited References
395
1
Computer Simulation Programs
396
1
Manufacturers and Suppliers
396
4
Electronics
Preliminaries
400
19
Circuit Theory
400
3
Circuit Analysis
403
2
High-Pass and Low-Pass Circuits
405
2
Resonant Circuits
407
1
The Laplace-Transform Method
408
3
RLC circuits
411
4
Transient Response of Resonant Circuits
415
1
Transformers and Mutual Inductance
416
1
Compensation
417
1
Filters
417
1
Computer Aided Circuit Analysis
418
1
Passive Components
419
20
Fixed Resistors and Capacitors
420
2
Variable Resistors
422
1
Transmission Lines
422
8
Coaxial Connectors
430
7
Relays
437
2
Active Components
439
14
Diodes
439
4
Transistors
443
8
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers
451
1
Unijunction Transistors
452
1
Thyratrons
453
1
Amplifiers and Pulse Electronics
453
19
Definition of Terms
453
3
General Transistor-Amplifier Operating Principles
456
4
Operational-Amplifier Circuit Analysis
460
2
Instrumentation and Isolation Amplifiers
462
2
Stability and Oscillators
464
1
Detecting and Processing Pulses
465
7
Power Supplies
472
5
Power-Supply Specifications
472
1
Regulator Circuits and Programmable Power Supplies
473
3
Bridges
476
1
Digital Electronics
477
21
Binary Counting
478
1
Elementary Functions
478
1
Boolean Algebra
478
1
Arithmetic Units
478
2
Data Units
480
1
Dynamic Systems
480
1
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
481
3
Memories
484
5
Logic and Function
489
3
Implementing Logic Functions
492
6
Data Acquisition
498
22
Data Rates
498
1
Voltage Levels and Timing
498
1
Format
499
1
System Overhead
500
1
Analog Input Signals
501
3
Multiple Signal Sources: Data Loggers
504
1
Standardized Data-Acquisition Systems
504
4
Control Systems
508
3
Personal Computer (PC) Control of Experiments
511
9
Extraction of Signal from Noise
520
10
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
520
2
Optimizing the Signal-to- Noise Ratio
522
1
The Lock-In Amplifier and Gated Integrator or Boxcar
523
1
Signal Averaging
524
1
Waveform Recovery
525
1
Coincidence and Time Correlation Techniques
526
4
Grounds and Grounding
530
7
Electrical Grounds and Safety
530
3
Electrical Pickup: Capacitive Effects
533
1
Electrical Pickup: Inductive Effects
534
1
Electromagnetic Interference and RFI
534
1
Power-Line-Coupled Noise
535
1
Ground Loops
536
1
Hardware and Construction
537
23
Circuit Diagrams
538
1
Component Selection and Construction Techniques
538
3
Printed Circuit Boards
541
8
Wire Wrap™ Boards
549
2
Wires and Cables
551
4
Connectors
555
5
Troubleshooting
560
22
General Procedures
560
2
Identifying Parts
562
1
Cited References
563
1
General References
564
3
Manufacturers and Suppliers
567
8
Appendix
575
7
Measurement and Control of Temperature
The Measurement of Temperature
582
9
Expansion Thermometers
582
1
Thermocouples
583
3
Resistance Thermometers
586
3
Integrated Circuit Thermometers
589
1
Comparison of Thermometers
590
1
Thermometer Calibration
590
1
The Control of Temperature
591
18
Temperature Control at Fixed Temperatures
591
1
Temperature Control at Variable Temperatures
592
8
Cited References
600
2
General References
602
1
Manufacturers and Suppliers
603
6
Appendix: Recommended Values of Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
609
2
Index
611