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Tables of Contents for Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Illustrations
xvii
Foreword
xxi
James S. Grostein
Preface
xxix
Acknowledgments
xxxiii
PART I: BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW
Introduction
3
6
General Principles of Growth of the Developing Brain
9
12
The Growth of the Brain Occurs in Critical Periods and is Influenced by the social Environment
10
3
The Infant Brain Develops in Stages and Becomes Hierarchically Organized
13
3
Genetic Systems that Program Brain Development are Activated and Influenced by the Postnatal Environment
16
2
The Social Environment Changes Over the Stages of Infancy and Induces the Reorganization of Brain Structures
18
3
Recent Advances in the Multidisciplinary Study of Emotional Development
21
13
The Emergence of Socioemotional Functions in Sequential Stages
22
2
Contemporary Revisions of Psychoanalytic Theories of Development
24
3
The Relationship Between the Maturation of Cortical and Limbic Structures and the Emergence of Discrete Affects Over Stages of Infancy
27
4
The Dyadic Origin of the Adaptive Capacity to Self-Regulate Affect
31
3
Structure-Function Relationships of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
34
28
Functions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
35
7
Subcortical Catecholaminergic Innervation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
42
10
Orbitofrontal Innervation of Subcortical Catecholaminergic Nuclei
52
3
Orbitofrontal Hierarchical Dominance of Dual Limbic Circuits
55
1
Orbitofrontal Development in Human Infancy
56
6
Overview
62
9
PART II: EARLY INFANCY
Visual Experiences and Socioemotional Development
71
21
The Mother's Face as a Primary Source of Visual Stimulation
72
3
Caregiver-Infant Gaze Transactions as an Interactive Medium for Imprinting Processes
75
3
Visually Mediated merger Experiences and the Induction of a Dyadic Symbiotic State
78
4
Mirroring Gaze Transactions and the Dyadic Amplification of Positive Affect
82
3
The Interactive Psychobiological Regulation of Positive Affect
85
4
The Development of Positive Affect Over the First Year
89
2
Summary
91
1
The Practicing Period
92
7
Affective Characteristics
93
1
Developmental Neurobiology
94
1
Ontogenetic Adaptations
95
1
Epigenesis
96
2
Summary
98
1
The Psychobiology of Affective Reunions
99
15
The Psychobiological Function of Reunion Episodes
100
3
Reunion Transactions as Synchronized Bioenergetic Transmissions
103
5
The Origin of the Appraisal of Emotionally Meaningful and Motivationally Significant Environmental Events
108
4
Summary
112
2
Early Imprinting
114
21
Proposal: The Onset of a Critical Period for the Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Occurs at the End of the First Year
115
2
Proposal: Mesocortical Dopamine Acts as a Trophic Stimulus for Prefrontal Development
117
9
The Developmental Biochemistry of the Orbitofrontal Subplate Zone
126
5
The Expansion of the Ventral Tegmental Limbic Circuit and the Emergence of Orbitofrontal Function
131
3
Summary
134
1
Imprinting Neuroendocrinology
135
11
Maternal Simulation of Opioid Peptides and the Imprinting of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
136
3
Orbitofrontal Control of Corticotropin Releasing Factor as a Mechanism of Regulation of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Activities
139
3
Opiate-Dopaminergic Interactions and the Emergence of Orbitofrontal Function
142
2
The Development Neurochemistry of Practicing Period Reunions
144
1
Summary
145
1
Socioaffective Influencs on Orbitofrontal Morphological Development
146
22
Vascular Morphogenesis
147
12
Dendritic Morphogenesis
159
5
Cholinergic Axonal Morphogenesis
164
3
Summary
167
1
The Emotionally Expressive Face
168
8
The Visuolimbic Pathway and Maternal Facial Recognition
169
3
Orbitofrontal-Temporal Cortical Connections and the Generations and Retrieval of Images of the Familiar Face
172
3
Summary
175
1
The Neurochemical Circuitry of Imprinted Interactive Representations
176
11
The Orbitofrontal Generation of Affect Regulating Internal Representations
177
3
The Neurochemical Circuitry of a Neuronal Model of the Face of Attachment Object
180
6
Summary
186
1
The Regulatory Function of Early Internal Working Models
187
12
The Hierarchical Processing of Facially Expressed Socioaffective Information Along the Ventral Tegmental Limbic Circuit
188
4
The Affect Regulating Functions of Inceptive Right Hemisphere Internal Working Models
192
3
Summary
195
4
PART III: LATE INFANCY
The Onset of Socialization Procedures and the Emergence of Shame
199
14
The Socioaffective Environment Changes in the Second Year
200
1
The Emergence of Shame in the Late Practicing Period
201
4
Shame and Dyadic Visuoaffective Processes
205
4
The Internalized Interactive Representation of Incipient Shame Transactions as an Ontogenetic Adaptation
209
3
Summary
212
1
Late Orbitofrontal Development
213
18
Shame Stress Deactivates the Ventral Tegmental and Activates the Lateral Tegmental Limbic Circuits
214
1
Medullary Noradrenaline and Adrenal Corticosteriods Induce the Expansion of the Lateral Tegmental Limbic Circuit in the Orbitofrontal Cortex
215
4
Descending Projections From Noradrenergic Innervated Orbitofrontal Sites Mediate the Onset of an Inhibitory State
219
4
The Final Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Regulation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
223
3
The Offset of a Critical Period for the Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Occurs in the Middle of the Second Year
226
1
Orbital Prefrontal Contributions to the Diminution of Oral Activity and the Onset of Bladder and Bowel Regulation
227
3
Summary
230
1
Orbitofrontal Versus Dorsolateral Prefrontal Ontogeny
231
9
The Critical Period of Maternal Attachment Offsets and Paternal Attachment Onsets in the Middle of the Second Year
232
2
The Offset of the Orbital and the Onset of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Critical Periods Occur in the Middle of the Second Year
234
2
The Executive Functions of the Right and Left Hemispheres are respectively Mediated by the Orbitofrontal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices
236
1
The Two Prefrontal Systems are Responsible for the Hemispheric Lateralization of Emotions
237
1
Summary
238
2
The Dyadic Origin of Internal Shame Regulation
240
9
The Dyadic Regulation of Socializing Shame Transactions in the Practicing Critical Period
241
2
The Psychobiology of Shame Recovery
243
2
The Internalization of Interactive Repair Transactions
245
3
Summary
248
1
Socialization and Experience-Dependent Parcellation
249
11
The Parcellation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
250
1
Shame Socialization and the Rewiring of Orbitofrontal Limbic Circuitry
251
2
The Primary Caregiver Functions as an Agent of Natural Selection that Influences the Stabilization or Elimination of Permanent Orbitofrontal-Limbic Connections
253
5
Implications for Developmental Theory
258
1
Summary
259
1
The Origins of Infantile Sexuality and Psychological Gender
260
9
The Effects of Gonadal Steroids on Developing Orbitofrontal Circuitry
261
3
Orbitofrontal Involvement in Infantile Sexuality and Psychological Gender
264
3
Summary
267
2
The Onset of Dual Component Orbitofrontal Mature Structure and Adaptive Function
269
16
The Maturation of Dual Catecholaminergic Circuits at the End of the Critical Period of Orbitofrontal Growth
270
3
The Onset of Mature Orbitofrontal Function in the Second Half of the Second Year
273
4
The Emergence of Enduring Temperamental Features of Personality
277
3
The Dyadic Genesis of Unconscious Affect and Cultural Emotional Biases
280
2
Summary
282
3
PART IV: APPLICATIONS TO AFFECT REGULATORY PHENOMENA
A Psychoneurobiological Model of the Dual Circuit Processing of Socioemotional Information
285
17
Posterior Cortical-Orbitofrontal Transmissions and Appraisal Processing
287
2
Orbitofrontal Cortical-Subcortical Transmissions and Amplification Processes
289
2
The Cortical Top-Down Induction of Subcortical Central States
291
3
Ascending Subcortical-Cortical Events and the Bottom-Up Control of Orbitofrontal and Other Cortical Areas
294
6
Summary
300
2
Cross-Modal Transfer and Abstract Representations
302
9
Maternal Sensory Stimulation and the Development of Posterior Sensory Association Cortices
303
4
Orbitofrontal-Posterior Cortical Connections and Cross-Modal Transfer
307
2
Summary
309
2
The Development of Increasingly Complex Interactive Representations
311
9
Interactive Representations as Psychobiological Regulators
312
3
The Encoding of Expectations in Right Hemispheric Dynamics Interactive Representations
315
4
Summary
319
1
Orbitofrontal Influences on the Autonomic Nervous System
320
17
The Contributions of subcortical and Cortical Activities to Facial Expressions of Emotion
321
2
Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Autonomic Modes
323
4
The Unique Contribution of Parasympathetic Conservation-Withdrawal to Emotional Functions
327
3
The Functional Implications of Dual Component Orbitofrontal Interactions with Hypothalamic Nuclei
330
6
Summary
336
1
The Regulation of Infantile Rage Reactions
337
11
Structure-Function Relationships of Regulated and Unregulated Rage
338
1
Developmental Shame Experiences and the Modulation of Narcissistic Rage
339
2
Negativism and the Development of Autonomy
341
2
Orbitofrontal Representations and the Automodulation of Rage
343
3
Summary
346
2
Affect Regulation and Early Moral Development
348
7
The Role of the Affect of Shame in the Early Development of the Superego
349
1
The Emergence of Empathy and Altruistic Behavior
350
2
Neurobiological Contributions to Moral Behavior
352
1
Summary
353
2
The Emergence of Self-Regulation
355
18
The Ontogeny of Self-Regulation
356
2
The Dyadic Determination of the Autonomic Set Point
358
2
The Adaptive Role of Shame in Affect Regulation
360
2
The Dual Component Regulation of Self-Esteem
362
3
The Adaptive Capacity to Self-Initiate Psychobiological State Transitions in Response to Socioenvironmental Alternations
365
3
Summary
368
5
PART V: CLINICAL ISSUES
The Neurobiology of Insecure Attachments
373
13
The Interactive Histories of Secure and Insecure Attachments
374
4
The Hidden Misattuned Affect Transactions of insecure-Avoidant Attachment
378
4
The Psychobiology of Insecure-Resistant Attachments
382
2
Summary
384
2
The Clinical Psychiatry of Affect Dysregulation
386
29
Insecure Attachment, Affect Dysregulation, and Developmental Psychopathology
388
2
Psychopathology is Operationally Defined as a Limitation of Adaptive Stress-Regulating Capacities
390
5
Recovery Deficits of Internal Reparative Mechanisms are Functional Indicators of impaired Affect Regulatory Systems
395
10
The Neurochemistry of Affect Dysregulating Depressive Disorders
405
4
The Neurochemistry of Dysregulated Manic States
409
3
Summary
412
3
The Developmental Psychopathology of Personality Disorders
415
16
Borderline Personality Disorders
416
7
Narcissistic Personality Disorders
423
6
Summary
429
2
Vulnerability to Psychosomatic Disease
431
12
The Development of Psychosocial-Neuroendocrine-Immune Communications
432
4
Maternal Psychobiological Regulation and the Development of Adequate and Inadequate Immunocompetence
436
3
Early Psychobiological Dysregulation, Impaired Orbitofrontal Development, and the Vulnerability to Psychosomatic Disease
439
3
Summary
442
1
Psychotherapy of Developmental Disorders
443
34
Unconscious Object Relations as a Focus of the Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Developmental Disorders
445
3
Right Hemisphere-to-Right Hemisphere Affective Communications Mediate Psychotherapeutic Transferential Transactions
448
6
The Essential Role of Shame Dynamics in the Treatment of Developmental Disorders
454
8
Developmental Affect Theory and the Mechanisms of Psychotherapeutic Change
462
4
The Neurobiological Characterization of Psychotherapeutically Induced Psychic Structural Changes
466
3
Nonlinear Dynamic (Chaos) Theory as a Model for the Investigation of ``Hidden'' Nonverbal Processes of Psychotherapy
469
3
Summary
472
5
PART VI: INTEGRATIONS
Right Hemispheric Language and Self-Regulation
477
13
Inhibition, Delay, and Self-Regulation
478
1
The Dialogic Origin of Early Speech
479
3
The Regulatory Functions of Right Hemispheric Single Word Speech
482
3
Shame and the Emergence of the ``Bad Self''
485
2
The Self-Regulatory Functions of Evocative Memory
487
2
Summary
489
1
The Dialogical Self and the Emergence of Consciousness
490
9
The Ontogeny of the Dialogical Self and the Psychosocial Origin of Consciousness
491
3
Emergent Properties of the Dialogical Self
494
3
Summary
497
2
Further Directions of Multidisciplinary Study
499
33
The Development of Brain Mitochondria and the Regulation of Organismic Bioenergetics
502
11
Reparative Mechanisms and Stress Proteins
513
5
Mitochondrial-Nuclear Genome Interactions in Postnatal Brain Development
518
4
The Cell Biology of Brain Monoamine-Microvascular Systems
522
4
The Ontogeny of Monoaminergic Systems and the Hierarchical Development of Discrete Psychobiological States
526
4
Summary
530
2
A Proposed Rapprochement Between Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology
532
11
References
543
106
Subject Index
649