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Tables of Contents for Introduction to Typology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
The World's Languages in Overview
xvii
Abbreviations
xxv
PART I: Basics of Language Typology
Introduction to Typology and Universals
3
15
Defining ``Typology''
7
7
Summary
14
2
Key Terms
16
2
A (Brief) History of Typology
18
12
Early Typologists
19
3
Revolutions in Typology
22
5
Summary
27
1
Key Terms
28
2
Issues of Method and Explanation
30
24
Types of Universals
31
5
Absolute Versus Nonabsolute Universals
31
1
Implicational Universals
32
4
A Problem in Determining Universals---The Database
36
7
Explaining Universals
43
3
Types of External Explanations
46
5
Discourse
46
1
Processing
47
1
Economy
48
1
Perception-Cognition
49
1
Iconicity
50
1
Summary
51
1
Key Terms
52
2
Basic Categories
54
25
Lexical Classes
56
8
Defining Lexical Classes
60
4
Semantic Roles
64
3
Grammatical Relations
67
6
Grammatical Relations as Universals
68
5
Summary
73
1
Key Terms
74
5
PART II: Word Order Typology
Constituent Order Universals
79
17
Order of Clausal Constituents
80
6
Constituent Order Correlations
86
5
Branching Direction Theory
91
3
Summary
94
1
Key Terms
94
2
Determining Basic Constituent Order
96
15
Constituent Order Variation
96
4
Determining the Basic Order
100
4
Frequency
100
2
Markedness
102
2
Pragmatically Neutral Contexts
104
1
Further Issues
104
1
Summary
105
1
Key Terms
106
5
PART III: Morphological Typology
Morphemes
111
16
Bound Versus Free Morphemes
112
2
Prefixes and Suffixes
114
6
Other Types of Affixation
117
3
Derivational Versus Inflectional Morphology
120
4
Affix Ordering
124
1
Summary
125
1
Key Terms
125
2
Morphological Typology
127
24
Languages as Morphological Types
128
11
Index of Synthesis
128
5
Index of Fusion
133
2
The Relationship Between the Two Indices
135
1
Historical Change in Morphological Type
136
3
Types of Morphological Linkage Between Constituents
139
7
Government Versus Agreement
140
1
Head Versus Dependent Marking
141
3
Implications for Universals
144
2
Head Marking and Constituent Order
146
1
Summary
146
1
Key Terms
147
4
PART IV: Encoding Relational and Semantic Properties of Nominals
Case and Agreement Systems
151
19
Marking of Grammatical Relations
152
12
Case and Agreement Hierarchies
153
2
S, A, and P
155
5
Split Case and Agreement Systems
160
4
Complexity of Case and Agreement Systems
164
4
Verb Agreement
164
2
Case Systems
166
2
Summary
168
1
Key Terms
169
1
Animacy, Definiteness, and Gender
170
13
Animacy Hierarchy
172
7
Reflexes of Animacy in Morphology and Syntax
174
4
Animacy Hierarchy as a Universal
178
1
Definiteness and Gender
179
2
Summary
181
1
Key Terms
181
2
Valence
183
20
Valence-Changing Devices
185
7
Valence-Decreasing Devices
185
4
Valence-Transposing Devices
189
1
Valence-Increasing Devices
190
2
Causatives
192
6
Direct Versus Indirect Causation
193
3
Indicating the Degree of Control Retained by the Causee
196
1
Permission Versus Causation
197
1
Summary
198
1
Key Terms
199
4
PART V: Verbal Categories
Tense and Aspect
203
16
Tense
205
5
Strategies for Tense
206
3
Absolute Versus Relative Tense
209
1
Aspect
210
7
Aspect Versus Aktionsart
214
2
Nonverbal Effects on Aspect
216
1
Summary
217
1
Key Terms
217
2
Mood and Negation
219
14
Traditional Categories of Mood
220
6
Deontic Versus Epistemic Modality
223
1
Evidentials
224
1
Realis Versus Irrealis
225
1
Negation
226
5
Standard Negation Strategies
228
1
Secondary Modifications
229
2
Scope and Constituent Negation
231
1
Summary
231
1
Key Terms
232
1
Morphosyntax of Speech Acts
233
14
Encoding Declaratives
235
1
Encoding Imperatives
235
2
Encoding Interrogatives
237
6
Polar Questions
238
2
Content Questions
240
3
Summary
243
1
Key Terms
243
4
PART VI: Complex Clauses
Subordination
247
20
Principal Types of Subordinate Clauses
247
3
Characteristics of Subordinate Clauses
248
2
Adverbial Clauses
250
5
Time
251
1
Location
252
1
Cause
252
1
Conditional
253
1
Concessive Clauses
254
1
Unspecified Relationship
254
1
Complement Clauses
255
4
The Complexity Continuum
256
3
Relative Clauses
259
6
Restrictive Versus Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses
260
1
Typological Variation in Relative Clauses
261
3
Additional Considerations
264
1
Summary
265
1
Key Terms
266
1
Coordination and Cosubordination
267
14
Coordination
269
5
Forms of Coordination
269
3
Range of Constituents in Coordination
272
1
Clause Reduction
273
1
Cosubordination
274
5
Serial Verbs
274
2
Switch Reference
276
3
Summary
279
1
Key Terms
280
1
Glossary
281
12
References
293
12
Index
305
18
About the Author
323