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Tables of Contents for Structural Equation Modeling
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
xvii
Kenneth A. Bollen
Preface
xx
Rick H. Hoyle
The Structural Equation Modeling Approach: Basic Concepts and Fundamental Issues
1
15
Rick H. Hoyle
Model Specification
2
3
Estimation
5
1
Evaluation of Fit
6
2
Model Modification
8
1
Interpretation
9
2
Communication
11
2
Summary and Recommendations
13
3
Model Specification: Procedures, Strategies, and Related Issues
16
21
Robert C. MacCallum
Model Specification Procedures
17
7
Path Diagrams
24
1
Illustration
25
2
Identification
27
2
Strategies and Related Issues in Model Specification
29
6
Disconfirmability
29
1
Equivalent Models
30
1
Strategies
31
4
Conclusion
35
2
Estimates and Tests in Structural Equation Modeling
37
19
Chih-Ping Chou
Peter M. Bentler
Basic Concepts in Estimation
39
3
Identification
39
2
Testing
41
1
Practical Problems
41
1
Statistical Theory
42
4
Models
43
1
Fitting Functions
44
1
Goodness-of-Fit Test
45
1
Standard Errors
46
1
A New Study
46
8
Results
49
5
Summary and Recommendations
54
2
Structural Equation Models With Nonnormal Variables: Problems and Remedies
56
20
Stephen G. West
John F. Finch
Patrick J. Curran
Overview of Normal Theory Estimation
57
2
Effects and Detection of Nonnormality
59
5
Theoretical Basis for the Problem
59
1
Continuous, Nonnormal Variables
59
1
Coarsely Categorized Variables
59
1
Detecting Departures From Normality
60
1
Skewness and Kurtosis, Univariate and Multivariate
60
1
Outliers
61
1
Results of Empirical Studies of Nonnormality
62
1
Continuous, Nonnormal Variables
62
1
Coarsely Categorized Variables
63
1
Remedies for Multivariate Nonnormality
64
9
Alternative Estimation Techniques
64
1
The Asymptotically Distribution Free Estimator
64
1
SCALED χ2 Statistic and Robust Standard Errors
65
1
Bootstrapping
66
1
Empirical Studies of Alternative Estimation Procedures
67
1
Coarsely Categorized Variables
68
2
Reexpression of Variables
70
1
Item Parcels
70
1
Transformation of Nonnormal Variables
71
2
Conclusion and Recommendations
73
3
Evaluating Model Fit
76
24
Li-tze Hu
Peter M. Bentler
The χ2 Test
77
4
Reformance of χ2 Tests as Tests of Model Fit
78
2
Noncentral χ2 Distribution
80
1
Fit Indexes
81
8
Types of Fit Indexes
82
1
Incremental Fit Indexes
83
1
Incremental Fit Indexes
84
1
Incremental Fit Indexes
84
1
Absolute Fit Indexes
85
2
Issues in Assessing Fit by Fit Indexes and Selection Criteria
87
1
Small Sample Bias
87
1
Estimation Method Effects
88
1
Effects of Violation of Normality and Independence
88
1
Reevaluation of Fit Indexes as Alternative Measures of Model Fit
89
6
Incremental Fit Indexes
89
1
Bentler and Bonett's Normed Fit Index (NFI)
89
1
Bollen's Fit Index (BL86)
89
1
Incremental Fit Indexes
90
1
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI, Also NNFI)
90
1
Bollen's Fit Index (BL89)
90
1
Incremental Fit Indexes
91
1
Bentler's Fit Index and McDonald and Marsh's Relative Noncentrality Index
91
1
Absolute Fit Indexes
91
1
Goodness-of-Fit (GFI) and Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI)
91
1
Information Criterion Indexes
92
1
McDonald's Centrality Index
93
1
Hoelter's Critical N (CN)
93
1
Overall Summary and Recommendations
94
1
Factors That May Affect the Magnitude of χ2 Statistics and Fit Indexes
95
2
The Effect of Sample Size and Latent Variate Dependence
95
1
The Effect of Estimation Methods
96
1
Conclusions
97
3
Penalty of Model Complexity
97
1
Evaluation of Residuals
98
1
Disclaimer on Model Modification
99
1
Statistical Power in Structural Equation Modeling
100
18
David Kaplan
Calculation of Power
102
2
Simultaneous Power Analysis
104
1
Power and Expected Parameter Change
105
2
Power-Based Model Evaluation
107
2
Studies of the Power Characteristics of Structural Equation Models
109
2
Studies of Power in Multisample Structural Equation Models
111
3
Conclusion
114
4
Objectivity and Reasoning in Science and Structural Equation Modeling
118
20
Stanley A. Mulaik
Lawrence R. James
Preliminary Considerations From Contemporary Philosophy of Science
119
9
The Legacy of Logical Positivism
119
1
The Fall of Logical Positivism
120
1
Meaning as Use
120
1
Popper's Argument Against the Verifiability of Theories
120
1
The Falsifiability Criterion
121
1
Defeasible Reasoning
122
1
The Theory-Laden Nature of Observation
123
1
The Empirical Underdetermination of Theories
124
1
The Normative and Social Basis for Knowledge
124
2
Dialogue and Dialectic
126
1
No Private Rules
127
1
Objectivity Based on the Metaphor of Consciousness
127
1
Relevance to Structural Equation Modeling
128
9
A Faceted Definition of the Causal Relation
130
1
Background Conditions
131
1
A Formal Statement of the Structural Equation Model as a Model of Objective States of Affairs
131
1
Disconfirmability of the Model
131
1
Relevant Objects
132
1
Coupling or Mediating Mechanisms
132
1
Closure and Self-Containment
132
1
Causal Direction
133
1
Stability
133
1
Probabilistic Conditions
133
1
Linearity
134
1
Defeasible Reasoning About Assumptions
134
1
Evaluating Structural Equation Models With Nested Sequences of Models
135
2
Conclusion
137
1
One Application of Structural Equation Modeling From Two Perspectives: Exploring the EQS and LISREL Strategies
138
20
Barbara M. Byrne
The Data
139
1
The Hypothesized Model
140
1
Assessment of Model Fit
141
4
EQS Analyses
141
3
LISREL Analyses
144
1
Preliminary Analyses
145
3
Examination of Sample Statistics
145
1
EQS Analyses
145
1
LISREL Analyses
146
1
Treatment of Nonnormality
147
1
Testing the Hypothesized Model of BDI Structure
148
4
Feasibility of Parameter Estimates
150
1
Statistical Significance of Parameter Estimates
150
2
Post-Hoc Model-Fitting to Establish Baseline Models
152
2
EQS Analyses
152
1
LISREL Analyses
153
1
Testing for Invariance Across Gender
154
2
EQS Analyses
154
1
LISREL Analyses
155
1
Summary
156
2
Writing About Structural Equation Models
158
19
Rick H. Hoyle
Abigail T. Panter
Describing the Conceptual and Statistical Models
158
3
The Conceptual Model
159
1
The Statistical Model
160
1
Details About the Data
161
2
Matrix to Be Analyzed
161
1
Distributions
162
1
Describing the Results
163
11
Estimation and Fit Criteria
163
1
Method of Estimation
163
1
Fit Criteria
164
1
Indicators of Overall Fit
165
4
Parameter Estimates
169
2
Alternative Models
171
1
A Priori
171
1
Post-Hoc Modifications
172
1
Equivalent Models
173
1
Additional Information About Model Fit
173
1
Statistical Power
173
1
Cross-Validation
174
1
Interpretation
174
1
Conclusions
175
2
Latent Variable Models of Multitrait-Multimethod Data
177
22
Herbert W. Marsh
David Grayson
The Campbell and Fiske (1959) Approach
178
2
The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Approach
180
7
Direct Product Models
187
3
Application of the CFA and CDP Approaches
190
6
Proper Solutions
191
1
Goodness of Fit
192
2
Interpretation of Parameter Estimates
194
1
Standardized CFA Parameter Estimates
194
1
CDP Parameter Estimates
194
2
Summary and Implications
196
3
Sex-Race Differences in Social Support and Depression in Older Low-Income Adults
199
18
Jane A. Scott-Lennox
Richard D. Lennox
Universal Versus Group-Specific Models of Support and Depression
201
4
Testing the Empirical Model
203
2
Method
205
3
Sample
205
1
Demographics
205
1
Health Status
206
1
Procedure
206
1
Measures
206
1
Depressive Symptoms
206
1
Perceived Adequacy of Social Support (PASS)
207
1
Measures of Social Support Networks
207
1
Statistical Analyses
208
1
Mean Comparisons
208
1
Multigroup Structural Equation Models
208
1
Results
208
6
Sex-Race Differences in Access to Support
208
1
Depressive Symptoms (CESD16)
208
1
Satisfaction With Support (PASS)
209
1
Structure of Support Networks
210
1
The Universal MSEM Model
210
1
Derivations of Degrees of Freedom
210
1
The Group-Sensitive Model
211
2
Relationships Among Network Characteristics
213
1
Network Characteristics as Predictors of Satisfaction With Support
213
1
Satisfaction With Support and Depressive Symptom Severity
214
1
Direct Effects of Networks on Depressive Symptoms
214
1
Discussion
214
3
Modeling the Relation of Personality Variables to Symptom Complaints: The Unique Role of Negative Affectivity
217
19
Jay G. Hull
Judith C. Tedlie
Daniel A. Lehn
General Personality Factors and Their Relation to Health
218
1
General Factors or Unique Traits?
218
4
Testing for the Presence of a General Factor
219
1
Testing for the Effects of General Factors and Unique Traits
220
2
Studies 1-3
222
1
Method
223
2
Subjects
223
1
Instruments
224
1
Study 1
224
1
Study 2
224
1
Study 3
224
1
Results
225
4
Personality Factor Models
225
1
One-Factor Model
225
1
Second-Order Factor Model
226
1
Group Factor Model
226
1
Model Comparison
226
1
Predicting Symptom Complaints
227
2
Discussion
229
5
The Unique Qualities of Negative Affectivity
231
1
Method and Knowledge: The Utility of Structural Equation Modeling
232
1
General and Specific Effects
232
1
Modeling Strategy
233
1
Limitations of the Present Research
233
1
Neuroticism Indicators
233
1
Interpreting the Results of Structural Equation Modeling
234
1
Measures of Health and Health Behaviors
234
1
Conclusion
234
2
Predictors of Change in Antisocial Behavior During Elementary School for Boys
236
18
Mike Stoolmiller
Terry E. Duncan
Gerald R. Patterson
Method
239
4
Sample
239
1
Instrument Description
239
1
Child Constructs
240
1
Parent Constructs
241
1
Modeling Description
242
1
Results
243
6
Discussion
249
3
Coercion Theory and Change in Antisocial Behavior
250
1
Analyzing Incomplete Longitudinal Data
251
1
Summary and Conclusions
252
2
References
254
18
Author Index
272
6
Subject Index
278
5
About the Contributors
283