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Tables of Contents for Urinalysis and Body Fluids
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Color Plates
Introduction to Urinalysis
1
12
Learning Objectives
1
1
History and Importance
1
1
Formation
2
1
Composition
2
1
Volume
2
2
Specimen Collection and Handling
4
2
Preservation
4
2
Changes in Unpreserved Urine
6
1
Types of Specimens
6
3
Random Specimen
6
1
First Morning Specimen
7
1
Fasting Specimen (Second Morning)
7
1
2-Hour Postprandial Specimen
7
1
Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) Specimens
7
1
24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen
7
1
Catheterized Specimen
8
1
Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen
8
1
Suprapubic Aspiration
8
1
Three-Glass Collection
8
1
Pediatric Specimen
8
1
Glossary
9
1
Abbreviations
10
1
References
10
1
Study Questions
10
3
Function and Diseases of the Kidney
13
27
Learning Objectives
13
1
Renal Physiology
13
8
Renal Blood Flow
13
2
Glomerular Filtration
15
2
Tubular Reabsorption
17
2
Tubular Secretion
19
2
Renal Function Tests
21
9
Glomerular Filtration Tests
21
1
Clearance Tests
21
2
Calculations
23
1
Clinical Significance
24
2
Tubular Reabsorption Tests
26
1
Osmolarity
27
1
Clinical Osmometers
27
1
Clinical Significance
28
1
Free Water Clearance
29
1
Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow Tests
29
1
PAH Test
29
1
Titratable Acidity and Urinary Ammonia
30
1
Renal Diseases
30
4
Acute Glomerulonephritis
30
1
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
31
1
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
31
1
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
31
1
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
32
1
Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis
32
1
Nephrotic Syndrome
32
1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
33
1
Minimal Change Disease
33
1
Pyelonephritis
33
1
Renal Failure
33
1
Summary of Major Laboratory Findings in Renal Disease
33
1
References
34
1
Study Questions
35
5
Physical Examination of the Urine
40
11
Learning Objectives
40
1
Color
40
3
Normal Urine Color
40
1
Abnormal Urine Color
41
2
Appearance
43
1
Normal Appearance
43
1
Turbidity
43
1
Specific Gravity
44
3
Urinometer
44
2
Refractometer
46
1
Clinical Correlations
47
1
Odor
47
1
References
47
1
Study Questions
48
3
Chemical Examination of the Urine
51
30
Learning Objectives
51
1
Reagent Strips
52
2
Reagent Strip Technique
52
1
Quality Control and Storage of Reagent Strips
52
1
Summary of Reagent Strip Testing
53
1
Automation in Urinalysis
54
2
Yellow IRIS
54
2
pH
56
1
Clinical Significance
56
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine pH
56
1
Reagent Strip Reactions
56
1
Protein
57
2
Clinical Significance
57
1
Bence Jones Protein
57
1
Microalbuminuria
58
1
Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria
58
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine Protein
58
1
Reagent Strip Reactions
58
1
Precipitation Tests
59
1
Reaction Interference
59
1
Glucose
59
3
Clinical Significance
60
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine Glucose
60
1
Reagent Strip (Glucose Oxidase) Reactions
60
1
Copper Reduction Test
61
1
Comparison of Glucose Oxidase and Clinitest
61
1
Summary of Glucose Oxidase and Clinitest Reactions
62
1
Reaction Interference
62
1
Ketones
62
2
Clinical Significance
62
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine Ketones
63
1
Reagent Strip Reactions
63
1
Reaction Interference
63
1
Tube Tests
63
1
Blood
64
2
Clinical Significance
64
1
Myoglobin
64
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine Blood
65
1
Reagent Strip Reactions
65
1
Reaction Interference
65
1
Bilirubin
66
2
Production of Bilirubin
66
1
Clinical Significance
66
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urime Bilirubin
67
1
Reagent Strip (Diazo) Reactions
67
1
Reaction Interference
67
1
Oxidation Tests
68
1
Urobilinogen
68
2
Clinical Significance
68
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine Urobilinogen
68
1
Reagent Strip Reactions and Interference
68
1
Ehrlich's Tube Test
69
1
Watson-Schwartz Differentiation Test
69
1
Nitrite
70
1
Clinical Significance
70
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine Nitrite
70
1
Reagent Strip Reactions
70
1
Reaction Interference
71
1
Leukocytes
71
1
Clinical Significance
71
1
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine Leukocytes
71
1
Reagent Strip Reactions
71
1
Reaction Interference
72
1
Specific Gravity
72
2
Summary of Clinical Significance of Urine Specific Gravity
72
1
Reagent Strip Reactions
72
1
Reaction Interference
73
1
References
74
1
Study Questions
75
6
Microscopic Examination of the Urine: Quality Assurance in Urinalysis
81
34
Learning Objectives
81
1
History and Significance
81
1
Methodology
82
2
Sediment Stains
84
1
Microscopy
84
1
Sediment Constituents
84
11
Red Blood Cells
84
2
White Blood Cells
86
1
Epithelial Cells
87
1
Casts
88
1
Hyaline Casts
89
1
Red Blood Cell Casts
89
1
White Blood Cell Casts
90
1
Epithelial Cell Casts
90
1
Granular Casts
90
1
Waxy Casts
90
1
Fatty Casts
90
1
Broad Casts
91
1
Bacteria
91
1
Yeast
91
1
Parasites
91
1
Spermatozoa
91
1
Mucus
91
1
Crystals
91
2
Normal Crystals
93
1
Abnormal Crystals
94
1
Renal Calculi
95
1
Artifacts
95
1
Quality Assurance in Urinalysis
95
6
Urinalysis Procedure Manual
96
1
Specimen Collection and Handling
96
1
Reagents
96
1
Instrumentation and Equipment
97
1
Testing Procedure
97
1
Quality Control
98
1
Reporting of Results
99
2
Personnel and Facilities
101
1
References
101
1
Study Questions
102
13
Urinalysis Final Exam
107
7
Slide Identification Exam
114
1
Slide Identification Color Plates Between Pages
114
1
Special Urinalysis Screening Tests
115
20
Learning Objectives
115
1
Introduction
115
2
Overflow versus Renal Disorders
117
1
Amino Acid Disorders
118
7
Phenylalanine-Tyrosine Disorders
118
1
Phenylketonuria
118
2
Tyrosyluria
120
1
Alkaptonuria
120
1
Melanuria
121
1
Summary of Urine Screening Tests for Disorders of the Phenylalanine-Tyrosine Pathway
121
1
Branched Chain Amino Acid Disorders
121
1
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
121
1
Organic Acidemias
122
1
Tryptophan Disorders
122
1
Indicanuria
122
1
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
123
1
Cystine Disorders
124
1
Cystinuria
124
1
Cystinosis
124
1
Homocystinuria
124
1
Porphyrin Disorders
125
1
Summary of Porphyrin Screening Tests
126
1
Mucopolysaccharide Disorders
126
1
Purine Disorders
127
1
Other Screening Tests
127
2
Carbohydrate Screening Tests
127
1
Sulkowitch's Test for Calcium
127
2
References
129
1
Study Questions
130
4
Case Studies
134
1
Cerebrospinal Fluid
135
24
Learning Objectives
135
1
Formation and Physiology
135
1
Specimen Collection
136
1
Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Hematology Laboratory
137
8
Appearance
137
1
Traumatic Collection
137
2
Cell Count
139
1
Methodology
139
1
Total Cell Count
140
1
White Blood Cell Count
140
1
Red Blood Cell Count
140
1
Corrections for Contamination
141
1
Quality Control of CSF and Other Body Fluid Cell Counts
141
1
Differential Count
142
1
Cytocentrifuge Procedure
142
1
Significance of Normal Cells
142
1
Significance of Abnormal Cells
143
2
Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Chemistry Laboratory
145
4
Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein
145
1
Normal Protein Composition
145
1
Clinical Significance of Elevated Protein
146
1
Correction for Protein Contamination
146
1
Methodology
146
1
Protein Fractions
147
1
Electrophoresis
147
1
Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose
147
1
Clinical Significance of CSF Glucose
148
1
Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate
148
1
Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamine
148
1
Cerebrospinal Fluid Enzymes
149
1
Summary of CSF Chemistry Tests
149
1
Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Microbiology Laboratory
149
2
Gram Stain
149
1
Limulus Lysate Test
150
1
Immunologic Procedures
151
1
Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Serology Laboratory
151
1
Teaching Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
151
1
References
152
2
Study Questions
154
4
Case Studies
158
1
Miscellaneous Body Fluids
159
33
Learning Objectives
159
1
Seminal Fluid
160
5
Volume and Viscosity
161
1
pH
161
1
Sperm Count
161
2
Motility
163
1
Morphology
163
1
Additional Testing
164
1
Synovial Fluid
165
6
Collection
166
1
Synovial Fluid in the Hematology Laboratory
166
1
Viscosity
166
1
Cell Counts
167
1
Differential
168
1
Crystal Identification
169
1
Synovial Fluid in the Chemistry Laboratory
170
1
Synovial Fluid in the Microbiology Laboratory
171
1
Synovial Fluid in the Serology Laboratory
171
1
Serous Fluids
171
7
Formation
171
1
Transudates and Exudates
172
1
General Laboratory Procedures
173
1
Pleural Fluid
174
1
Formation
174
1
Appearance
174
1
Hematology Tests
174
1
Chemistry Tests
175
1
Serology Tests
175
1
Pericardial Fluid
175
2
Peritoneal Fluid
177
1
Summary of Serous Fluid Testing
177
1
Amniotic Fluid
178
4
Fetal Distress
179
1
Fetal Maturity
180
2
Sweat
182
1
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
183
1
References
184
2
Study Questions
186
6
Gastric Analysis
192
6
Learning Objectives
192
1
Physiology
192
1
Specimen Collection
193
1
Routine Gastric Analysis
193
1
Titratable Acidity
193
1
Basal Gastric Acidity
194
1
Poststimulation Gastric Acidity
194
1
Terminology
195
1
References
196
1
Study Questions
196
2
Fecal Analysis
198
9
Learning Objectives
198
1
Specimen Collection
198
1
Physiology
198
1
Routine Fecal Screening Tests
199
4
Color and Consistency
199
1
White Blood Cells
199
1
Qualitative Fecal Fats
200
1
Muscle Fibers
201
1
Occult Blood
201
2
Additional Chemical Tests
203
1
Quantitative Fecal Fats
203
1
Apt Test
203
1
Trypsin
203
1
Carbohydrates
203
1
References
204
1
Study Questions
204
3
Other Body Fluids Final Exam
207
6
Answer Keys
213
6
Index
219