search for books and compare prices
Tables of Contents for Integrated Smart Sensors
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
1 Introduction
1
20
1.1 Introduction
1
1
1.2 Sensors and actuators
2
3
1.3 Integrated smart sensors
5
1
1.4 Measurement errors and correction
6
10
1.4.1 Process variations and time variations
7
1
1.4.2 Calibration
8
3
1.4.3 Self-testing
11
2
1.4.4 Self-calibration
13
2
1.4.5 Redundancy improvement or feedforward testing
15
1
1.4.6 Concluding remarks
16
1
1.5 Objective and Organization
16
3
1.5.1 Objective
16
1
1.5.2 Organization
17
1
1.5.3 Design constraints
17
2
References
19
2
2 Integrated Smart Sensor Concept
21
30
2.1 Introduction
21
1
2.2 Silicon sensors
22
5
2.2.1 Temperature sensor
22
1
2.2.2 Pressure sensor
23
2
2.2.3 Measurement errors
25
2
2.3 Analog Interface circuits
27
6
2.3.1 Temperature sensor readout
27
5
2.3.2 Pressure sensor readout
32
1
2.4 Analog-to-Digital conversion
33
6
2.4.1 Sigma-delta converter
34
5
2.5 Digital bus or microcontroller interface
39
4
2.5.1 Microcontroller compatible interfaces
39
1
2.5.2 Smart Sensor bus interfaces
40
3
2.6 Integrating a calibration function in the smart sensor concept
43
4
2.6.1 Error sources in the smart sensor signal path
43
1
2.6.2 Conventional sensor calibration techniques
44
1
2.6.3 Correction of the sensor signal transfer
45
1
2.6.4 Calibration memory
46
1
References
47
4
3 Calibration and Linearization Techniques
51
42
3.1 Introduction
51
7
3.1.1 Errors in the sensor transfer curve
51
2
3.1.2 Systematic and random errors
53
2
3.1.3 Linear and nonlinear errors
55
1
3.1.4 Normalized sensor transfer functions
56
2
3.2 Linearization
58
18
3.2.1 Sensor characteristic linearization
59
1
3.2.2 Linearization based on a look-up table
60
3
3.2.3 Linearization based on piecewise-linear interpolation
63
4
3.2.4 Linearization based on piecewise-polynomial or spline interpolation
67
3
3.2.5 Linearization based on curve fitting
70
3
3.2.6 Linearization based on error minimization
73
2
3.2.7 Conclusion
75
1
3.3 Progressive polynomial calibration method
76
13
3.3.1 One-dimensional functions
77
7
3.3.2 Two-dimensional functions
84
4
3.3.3 Multi-dimensional functions
88
1
3.4 Conclusion
89
1
References
90
3
4 Calibration using Analog Signal Processing
93
34
4.1 Introduction
93
1
4.2 Conventional sensor calibration
94
2
4.2.1 Resistor trimming
94
2
4.2.2 Programmable resistor-arrays
96
1
4.3 Analog calibration circuits
96
8
4.3.1 Classical offset and full-scale calibration
98
1
4.3.2 Classical cross-sensitivity calibration
99
3
4.3.3 Improved analog calibration circuit
102
2
4.4 Classical pulse-modulated calibration
104
2
4.5 Analog implementation of a polynomial calibration
106
18
4.5.1 System configuration
106
2
4.5.2 Analog current multiplier
108
3
4.5.3 Programmable current divider DAC
111
2
4.5.4 VI-converters and IV-converters
113
3
4.5.5 System implementation
116
1
4.5.6 System operation
117
4
4.5.7 Realization
121
3
4.6 Conclusion
124
2
References
126
1
5 Calibration using Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Conversion
127
46
5.1 Introduction
127
1
5.2 Sigma-delta AD-converters
128
12
5.2.1 Principle of oversampling
129
1
5.2.2 Principle of noise shaping
130
6
5.2.3 Principle of decimation
136
3
5.2.4 Transfer from analog input to digital output
139
1
5.3 Alteration of the sigma-delta transfer
140
12
5.3.1 Digital sigma-delta bitstream generator
140
3
5.3.2 Modulating the input signal for gain calibration
143
4
5.3.3 Modulating an additional signal for offset calibration
147
1
5.3.4 Sigma-delta calibration configurations
148
4
5.4 Implementation of the sigma-delta AD-converter
152
8
5.4.1 Differential integrator amplifier
153
2
5.4.2 Clocked comparator
155
2
5.4.3 Sigma-delta converter
157
2
5.4.4 Digital decimation filter implementation
159
1
5.5 Smart temperature sensor realizations
160
8
5.5.1 Smart temperature sensor with calibration and IS(2) bus interface
161
4
5.5.2 Temperature sensor with linearity calibration
165
3
5.6 Conclusion
168
1
References
169
4
6 Calibration using Digital Signal Processing
173
20
6.1 Introduction
173
1
6.2 Hardware implementation
174
4
6.3 Software implementation
178
13
6.3.1 Sensor system configuration
178
1
6.3.2 Calibration algorithm
179
10
6.3.3 Calibration program
189
2
6.3.4 Future work
191
1
6.4 Conclusion
191
1
References
192
1
7 Summary and Conclusions
193
6
Index
199