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Tables of Contents for Acoustic Signal Processing for Telecommunication
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xviii
Preface
xix
Contributing Authors
xxi
An Introduction to Acoustic Echo and Noise Control
1
22
Steven L. Gay
Jacob Benesty
Human Perception of Echoes
1
2
The Network Echo Problem
3
3
The Acoustic Echo Problem
6
2
Adaptive Filters for Echo Cancellation
8
9
The LMS and NLMS Algorithms
9
3
Least Squares and Recursive Least Squares Algorithms
12
5
Noise Reduction
17
1
Conclusions
18
5
Part I Mono-Channel Acoustic Echo Cancellation
The Fast Affine Projection Algorithm
23
24
Steven L. Gay
Introduction
23
1
The Affine Projection Algorithm
24
7
Projections Onto an Affine Subspace
26
3
Convergence and Regularization
29
1
The Connection Between APA and Recursive Least Squares
29
2
Fast Affine Projections
31
8
Fast Residual Echo Vector Calculation
31
2
Fast Adaptive Coefficient Vector Calculation
33
3
Fast Normalized Residual Echo Vector Calculation
36
1
The FAP Algorithm
37
2
Simulations
39
1
Numerical Considerations
40
1
Conclusions
40
7
Appendix: Sliding Windowed Fast Recursive Least Squares
42
5
Subband Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using the FAP-RLS Algorithm: Fixed-Point Implementation Issues
47
20
Mohamed Ghanassi
Benoit Champagne
Introduction
47
2
Overview of FAP-Based Subband AEC System
49
5
FAP-RLS Algorithm
50
3
Uniform DFT Filter Banks
53
1
Scope of Fixed-Point Study
54
1
Fixed-Point Implementation of FAP-RLS
55
5
Update of Inverse Data Covariance Matrix
56
2
Update of Correlation Vector
58
1
Filtering and Adaptation
58
2
Algorithm Precision
60
1
Fixed-Point WOA Implementation
60
3
DFT or FFT?
60
2
Analysis Bank
62
1
Synthesis Bank
62
1
Evaluation of Complete Algorithm
63
1
Conclusion
63
4
Real-Time Implementation of the Exact Block NLMS Algorithm for Acoustic Echo Control in Hands-Free Telephone Systems
67
14
Bernhard H. Nitsch
Introduction
67
1
Block Processing
68
1
The Exact Block NLMS Algorithm
69
2
Reduction of the Signal Delay
71
2
The PEFBNLMS Algorithm
73
1
Performance
74
3
Real-Time Implementation
77
3
Conclusions
80
1
Double-Talk Detection Schemes for Acoustic Echo Cancellation
81
20
Tomas Gansler
Jacob Benesty
Steven L. Gay
Introduction
81
3
Basics of AEC and DTD
84
2
AEC Notations
84
1
The Generic DTD
84
1
A Suggestion to Performance Evaluation of DTDs
85
1
Double-Talk Detection Algorithms
86
9
Geigel Algorithm
86
1
Cross-Correlation Method
86
1
Normalized Cross-Correlation Method
87
1
Coherence Method
88
2
Normalized Cross-correlation Matrix
90
2
Two-Path Model
92
1
DTD Combinations with Robust Statistics
93
2
Discussion
95
6
Part II Multi-Channel Acoustic Echo Cancellation
Multi-Channel Sound, Acoustic Echo Cancellation, and Multi-Channel Time-Domain Adaptive Filtering
101
20
Jacob Benesty
Tomas Gansler
Peter Eneroth
Introduction
101
3
Multi-Channel Identification and the Nonuniqueness Problem
104
2
Some Different Solutions for Decorrelation
106
2
The Hybrid Mono/Stereo Acoustic Echo Canceler
108
2
Multi-Channel Time-Domain Adaptive Filters
110
8
The Classical and Factorized Multi-Channel RLS
110
2
The Multi-Channel Fast RLS
112
1
The Multi-Channel LMS Algorithm
113
3
The Multi-Channel APA
116
2
Discussion
118
3
Multi-Channel Frequency-Domain Adaptive Filtering
121
14
Jacob Benesty
Dennis R. Morgan
Introduction
121
1
Mono-Channel Frequency-Domain Adaptive Filtering Revisited
122
5
Generalization to the Multi-Channel Case
127
2
Application to Acoustic Echo Cancellation and Simulations
129
2
Conclusions
131
4
A Real-time Stereophonic Acoustic Subband Echo Canceler
135
20
Peter Eneroth
Steven L.
Gay Tomas Gansler
Jacob Benesty
Introduction
136
1
Acoustic Echo Canceler Components
137
11
Adaptive Algorithm
137
2
Filterbank Design
139
6
Residual Echo Suppression
145
1
Computational Complexity
146
1
Implementation Aspects
147
1
Simulations
148
7
Part III Noise Reduction Techniques with a Single Microphone
Subband Noise Reduction Methods for Speech Enhancement
155
26
Eric J. Diethorn
Introduction
155
3
Wiener Filtering
158
1
Speech Enhancement by Short-Time Spectral Modification
159
10
Short-Time Fourier Analysis and Synthesis
159
1
Short-Time Wiener Filter
160
1
Power Subtraction
161
1
Magnitude Subtraction
162
1
Parametric Wiener Filtering
163
1
Review and Discussion
164
5
Averaging Techniques for Envelope Estimation
169
3
Moving Average
169
1
Single-Pole Recursion
170
1
Two-Sided Single-Pole Recursion
170
1
Nonlinear Data Processing
171
1
Example Implementation
172
3
Subband Filter Bank Architecture
172
1
A-Posteriori-SNR Voice Activity Detector
173
2
Example
175
1
Conclusion
175
6
Part IV Microphone Arrays
Superdirectional Microphone Arrays
181
58
Gary W. Elko
Introduction
181
1
Differential Microphone Arrays
182
10
Array Directional Gain
192
1
Optimal Arrays for Spherically Isotropic Fields
193
8
Maximum Gain for Omnidirectional Microphones
193
2
Maximum Directivity Index for Differential Microphones
195
2
Maximimum Front-to-Back Ratio
197
3
Minimum Peak Directional Response
200
1
Beamwidth
201
1
Design Examples
201
21
First-Order Designs
202
5
Second-Order Designs
207
9
Third-Order Designs
216
5
Higher-Order designs
221
1
Optimal Arrays for Cylindrically Isotropic Fields
222
8
Maximum Gain for Omnidirectional Microphones
222
2
Optimal Weights for Maximum Directional Gain
224
1
Solution for Optimal Weights for Maximum Front-to-Back Ratio for Cylindrical Noise
225
5
Sensitivity to Microphone Mismatch and Noise
230
3
Conclusions
233
6
Appendix: Directivity Factor and Room Acoustics
236
3
Microphone Arrays for Video Camera Steering
239
22
Yiteng (Arden) Huang
Jacob Benesty
Gary W. Elko
Introduction
239
2
Time Delay Estimation
241
6
Acoustic Models for the TDE Problem
242
1
The GCC Method
243
1
Adaptive Eigenvalue Decomposition Algorithm
244
3
Source Localization
247
8
Source Localization Problem
247
1
Ideal Maximum Likelihood Locator
248
2
Triangulation Locator
250
1
The Spherical Equations
250
1
CLS and Spherical Intersection (SX) Methods
251
1
Spherical Interpolation (SI) Locator
252
1
One Step Least Squares (OSLS) Locator
253
2
System Implementation
255
2
Summary
257
4
Nonlinear, Model-Based Microphone Array Speech Enhancement
261
22
Michael S.
Brandstein Scott
M. Griebel
Introduction
261
2
Speech Enhancement Methods
263
1
Nonlinear, Model-Based Processing
264
1
A Multi-Channel Speech Enhancement Algorithm
265
10
Algorithm Details
266
8
Simulations
274
1
Conclusion
275
8
Part V Virtual Sound
3D Audio and Virtual Acoustical Environment Synthesis
283
20
Jiashu Chen
Introduction
283
1
Sound Localization Cues and Synthetic 3D Audio
284
6
Interaural Cues for Sound Localization
285
1
Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF)
286
1
Synthetic 3D Audio
287
1
Modeling the Measured HRTFs
288
2
Spatial Feature Extraction and Regularization (SFER) Model for HRTFs
290
5
SFER Model for Head-Related Impulse Response
290
2
TDSFER Model for Multiple 3D Sound Source Positioning
292
3
Computing Architectures Using TDSFER Model
295
4
Multiple Sources with Multiple Reflections
295
3
Single Source with Multiple Reflections
298
1
Specific Issues for VAES Implementation
299
1
Conclusions
299
4
Virtual Sound Using Loudspeakers: Robust Acoustic Crosstalk Cancellation
303
18
Darren B. Ward
Gary W. Elko
Introduction
303
2
Acoustic Crosstalk Cancellation
305
2
Problem Statement
305
1
Selection of the Design Matrix
306
1
Robustness Analysis
307
6
Robustness Measure
307
1
Analysis of the Design Matrix
307
1
Example of Ear Responses
308
2
Spatial Responses
310
3
Effect of Loudspeaker Position
313
3
A Robust CCS
315
1
Discussion and Conclusions
316
5
Part VI Blind Source Separation
An Introduction to Blind Source Separation of Speech Signals
321
10
Jacob Benesty
Introduction
321
1
The Information Maximization Principle
322
2
Different Stochastic Gradient Ascent Rules Based on ME
324
2
The Informax Stochastic Gradient Ascent Learning Rule
324
1
The Natural Gradient Algorithm
325
1
A Normalized Natural Gradient Algorithm
325
1
Simulations
326
2
Conclusions
328
3
Index
331