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Tables of Contents for Migration of Fines in Porous Media
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PREFACE
xi
 
1 PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES OF RELEASE AND MIGRATION OF FINES IN POROUS MEDIA
1
8
1.1 Migration of Fine Particles in Porous Media: An Introduction
1
1
1.2 Practical Consequences in Petroleum Engineering
2
1
1.3 Importance in Geotechnical Engineering
3
2
1.4 Effects in Environmental Engineering
5
2
1.5 Importance in Chemical Engineering
7
2
2 CHARACTERIZATION OF PORE SPACE AND FINES
9
20
2.1 Pore Structure
9
5
2.1.1 Pore Constriction and Chamber Size Distributions
11
2
2.1.2 Pore Connectivity
13
1
2.1.3 Porosity and Permeability
13
1
2.2 Pore Surface
14
5
2.2.1 Surface Characterization of Pore Surface
15
1
2.2.2 Colloidal Characterization of Pore Surface
15
2
2.2.3 Chemical Characterization of Pore Surface
17
2
2.3 Fines
19
10
2.3.1 Geometrical Characterization Fines
19
4
2.3.2 Colloidal Characterization of Fines
23
3
2.3.3 Chemical Characterization of Fines
26
3
3 COLLOIDALLY INDUCED RELEASE OF FINES IN POROUS MEDIA
29
34
3.1 The Statics of the Release Process
29
25
3.1.1 Electric double layer repulsion
31
2
3.1.2 London-van der Waals attraction
33
3
3.1.3 Born repulsion
36
1
3.1.4 AB (Acid-Base) Interaction
36
1
3.1.5 Hydrodynamic Forces
37
1
3.1.6 Total energy of interactions
38
5
3.1.7 Condition for the release of fines: The concept of critical salt concentration, CSC
43
7
3.1.8 Critical total ionic strength (CTIS) for mixed salt system
50
1
3.1.9 Some important effects on the energy of interaction
51
3
3.2 The Dynamics (Rate) of the Release Process
54
9
3.2.1 Theoretical models for the release of Brownian fines
55
3
3.2.2 Some considerations on the release of non-Brownian fines
58
1
3.2.3 An empirical equation for the rate of release of fines
59
4
4 HYDRODYNAMICALLY INDUCED RELEASE OF FINES IN POROUS MEDIA
63
10
4.1 The Statics of the Release Process
63
6
4.1.1 Mechanism of hydrodynamic detachment
64
3
4.1.2 Critical hydrodynamic stress and critical flow velocity
67
2
4.2 The Rate (Dynamics) of the Release Process
69
4
5 ENTRAPMENT OR PIPING OF FINES DURING MIGRATION
73
18
5.1 Analysis of Factors Affecting Entrapment or Piping of Fines
73
6
5.1.1 Pore structure
73
1
5.1.2 Size of fines
74
1
5.1.3 Concentration of fines
75
3
5.1.4 Hydrodynamic conditions
78
1
5.1.5 Colloidal conditions
78
1
5.2 Mathematical Models for Entrapment or Piping of Fines
79
5
5.3 Application to the Phenomenon of Soil Erosion
84
3
5.4 Application to Sand Filtration
87
1
5.5 Application to Water sensitivity of Berea Sandstone
88
3
6 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR PERMEABILITY REDUCTIONS DUE TO MIGRATION OF FINES
91
22
6.1 The Release and Capture Mechanism
91
3
6.2 Rate of Equations for the Release of Fine Particles
94
1
6.3 Rate Equations for the Entrapment/Capture of Fine Particles
95
4
6.4 Mass and Population Balance Equations for Fine Particles at Different Sites
99
2
6.5 Correlation between Entrapment and Permeability Reduction
101
1
6.6 Solution Procedures, Results and Comparisons with Experimental Measurements
102
11
6.6.1 The model of Gruesbeck and Collins for hydrodynamically induced migration of fines
103
1
6.6.2 The model of Khilar and Fogler for colloidally induced migration of fines
104
5
6.6.3 The model of Sharma and Yortsos for colloidally induced migration of fines
109
4
7 USE OF NETWORK MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF PERMEABILITY REDUCTION DUE TO FINES ENTRAPMENT
113
20
7.1 Need for network models
113
1
7.2 Network Models
114
3
7.2.1 Network Construction and Lattice Arrangements
114
3
7.2.2 Fluid transport through the network
117
1
7.3 Use of network models for studying particle capture
117
2
7.4 Application of network models for prediction of permeability reduction due to straining dominated fines entrapment
119
9
7.4.1 Network construction
119
1
7.4.2 Calculation of flow distribution in the network
120
2
7.4.3 Particle movement within a network
122
2
7.4.4 Effect of network size
124
1
7.4.5 Ability of network models to account for polydisperse particles and pores
125
1
7.4.6 Comparison of model predictions with experiments
125
3
7.5 Accounting for particle deposition in network models
128
2
7.6 Improved network models for prediction of permeability reduction
130
3
8 METHODS TO PREVENT THE RELEASE OF FINES
133
8
8.1 Enhancement of Force of Adherence/Attachment
133
3
8.2 Reduction of Force of Detachment
136
2
8.3 Minimization of Fines Release: Enhancing the Attachment Forces and Reducing the Detachment Forces
138
3
9 SOIL POLLUTION DUE TO MIGRATION OF FINES
141
14
9.1 Facilitated Contaminants Transport due to Migration of Fines
141
7
9.1.1 Sorption of Hydrophobic Contaminants on Fines in Soil Masses
142
2
9.1.2 Modeling of Transport of Contaminants Facilitated by Migration of Fine Particles
144
4
9.2 Migration of Biocolloidal Contaminants
148
7
9.2.1 Characteristics of Biocollidal Contaminants
148
1
9.2.2 Modeling the Migration of Biocolloidal Fines
149
6
REFERENCES
155
14
INDEX
169