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Tables of Contents for Recognizing Reality
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface and Acknowledgments
xi
Technical Notes
xv
Introduction I. A Few Methodological Considerations
1
14
Purpose and Content
The Commentarial Style of Indian and Tibetan Philosophical Traditions
Scholarly Context
The Hermeneutical Significance of Comparison
The Structure of the Work
Introduction II. Dharmakirti's Tradition in India and Tibet
15
428
The Epistemological Turn in Indian Philosophy
The Place of Dharmakirti in Indian Buddhism
Dharmakirti's Tradition in Tibet
Foundation of the Sa-gya Scholastic Tradition
A Conflict of Interpretations
Sa-gya Commentators
The Rise of the Ge-luk Tradition
The Origin and Significance of Sectarian Divisions
BOOK ONE. ONTOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
Part I. Ontology
Ontology and Categories
47
13
Indian Philosophy and the Pramana Method
Epistemology and Ontological Commitments
Indian Schools of Philosophy
Nyaya Realism and the Importance of Categories
The Meanings of Realism
Nyaya Realism and the Status of Wholes
Dharmakirti's Critique of Substance
Dharmakirti's Ontology
60
13
Momentariness and the Structure of Dharmakirti's System
Dharmakirti on Momentariness
Causal Nature of Reality
Dharmakirti's Ontology and Its Relation to the Problem of Universals
Uncommoness and Identity Conditions
The Ambiguities of the Concept of Existence
73
10
The Problems of Dharmakirti's Concepts of Existence
Sa-pan's Controversial Views on Existence
Defenses and Interpretations of Sa-pan
The Purview of the ``Real''
83
23
Atomic Theory
An Alternate Interpretation
No Extended Object Can Be Real
Some Extended Objects Are Real
Extension in Space and Time
All Extended Objects Are Real
Who Is Right?
Yogacara in Dharmakirti's System
Is Dharmakirti Contradicting Himself?
Ge-luk Thinkers on Specific Ontology
106
21
Commonsense Objects and Universals
Ge-luk Realism and Commonsense Objects
Realism and Momentariness
Philosophy and the Validity of Conventions
Realist Explanations of the Nature of the Specifically Characterized
Nominal Existence and Existence
A Partial Reconciliation
Conclusion
Part II. The Problem of Universals
Introducing Universals
127
15
Three Dimensions in the Problem of Universals
Antirealism and Its Varieties: Conceptualism and Nominalism
Extreme and Moderate Realisms and Their Predicaments
Realism in India
Moderate Realism in Indian Traditions
Why Bother with Universals?
Dharmakirti on Universals
142
12
Logic and Ontology
Dharmakirti's Arguments Against Realism
The Roles of Universals
Universals and Similarities
An Assessment of Resemblance Theory
Sa-gya Antirealism and the Problems of Predication
154
17
Sa-pan's Refutation of Realism
Sakya Chok-den on Predication
Predication and the Validity of Thought
Are Distinguishers Parts of Reality?
The Conceptual Nature of Individuations
Ge-luk Realism
171
18
Universals in the Collected Topics
One and Many
Arguments for Moderate Realism
Subject and Predicate
Philosophy and Linguistic Ambiguities
Realism in Buddhist Tradition
189
16
Two Early Tibetan Realists
Moderate Realism in Tibet and Madhyamaka
Moderate Realism in India
The Role of Universals in Inference
Conclusion
Part III. Philosophy of Language
Introduction to Apoha
205
12
The History of Apoha and its Reception
Grammar and Philosophy of Language in India
Dignaga on Apoha
Hindu Reactions: the Mimamsa View
Dharmakirti on Concept Formation
217
16
Thought and Language
Two Definitions of Thought
The Negative Nature of Conceptuality
Formation of Concept
The Mistaken Nature of Concepts
Conclusion: Dharmakirti's Response to the Hindu Critique
The Concept of Negation and the Evolution of the Apoha Theory
233
17
Are Negation and Elimination Equivalent?
Objective Elimination
Santaraksita on Representations
The Evolution of the Apoha Theory
Ge-luk Views of Negations
Sa-gya Views on Negations
Object Universal and Concept Formation
250
11
Importance of the Notion of Object
Universal in the Tibetan Tradition
Object Universal in the Ge-luk Tradition
Object Universal in the Sa-gya Tradition
Comparative Conclusion
Philosophy of Language
261
24
The Terminology of the Inquiry
Ineffability
Dharmakirti on Name and Reference
Signifier and Signified: A Sa-gya View
Moderate Realism and Language
BOOK TWO. EPISTEMOLOGY
Part I. Valid Cognition
Dharmakirti's Epistemology of Valid Cognition
285
14
Mental Terminology and the Mind-Body Problem
Knowledge and Pramana
Defining Pramana
The Epistemological Role of Language
Epistemological Typology
Was Dharmakirti a Pragmatist?
299
17
Valid Cognition and Its Object
An Intentional Interpretation
The Requirement of Novelty
A Pragmatist Explanation of Nondeceptiveness
A Pragmatic Theory of Truth?
Reductionism and Intentionality
Can Inference Be Valid?
316
15
Dharmakirti on the Validity of Thought
A Major Difficulty in Dharmakirti's System
A Realist Answer
Conclusion
Part II. Perception
Philosophy of Perception
331
14
Representationalism and Its Problems
Representationalism and Realism in Indian Philosophy
Aspects and Reflexivity
The Foundational Significance of Aspects
Dharmakirti's Account of Perception
345
9
The Nyaya Theory of Perception
Dharmakirti's Definition of Perception
Dharmakirti's Arguments
A New Epistemology Begins: Dharmottara on Perception
354
11
Dharmottara as a Commentator and an Innovator
The Validity of Perception
Bridging the Gap Between Perception and Conception
Does Perception Determine Its Object?
Tibetan New Epistemology
365
14
Cha-ba's Epistemology of Perception
Ge-luk Views of Perception
Implicit and Explicit
Epistemological Typologies
Cha-ba's Philosophy of Mind
379
10
Cha-ba's Typology of Objects
Sakya Chok-den's Polemical Use of History
Critical Appraisal
Sa-pan's Critique of the New Epistemology
389
11
Sa-pan's Rejection of Cha-ba's Typology
The Case of Inattentive Cognition
Ascertainment Is Conceptual
Explicit and Implicit
Dharmakirti's Problem and Sa-pan's Solution
Perception and Apperception
400
16
Dharmakirti on the Self-Presenting of Mental States
Does Self-Cognition Have an Object?
Go-ram-ba's Representationalism
A Ge-luk Understanding of Dharmakirti's Aspects
Representationalism, Realism, and Causal Theories
The Soteriological Implications of Apperception
Are External Objects Perceptible?
416
12
Are Objects Hidden or ``Hidden''?
An Unstable Compromise: Go-ram-ba's Representationalism
The Difficulties of Representationalism
Are External Objects Inferred?
How Hidden Can ``Hidden'' Be?
Epistemology, Metaphysics, and Religion
428
15
Yogacara in Dharmakirti's Thought
True or False Aspect?
Sakya Chok-den on Yogacara
The Importance of Yogacara in Dharmakirti's Thought
Philosophy and Soteriology in Dharmakirti
Conclusion
Conclusion: Philosophy as an Education of the Mind
443
20
Realism and Antirealism as Interpretations
Philosophy as an Education
Epistemology and the Madhyamaka Critique
Prasangika and Epistemology: Dzong-ka-ba's Realism
Go-ram-ba's Suspicion of Language
Buddhist Epistemology as an Education
Notes
463
100
Glossary: Tibetan - Sanskrit - English
563
12
Glossary: Sanskrit - Tibetan - English
575
6
Bibliography
581
22
Author Index
603
8
Subject Index
611