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Tables of Contents for The Rhetoric and Reality of Mass Education in Mao's China
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
v
Preface
xi
Acknowledgment
xv
Introduction, Education to the Masses
1
52
Purpose and Significance of this Text
3
7
Research Questions
7
2
Preview of Findings
9
1
International Educational Development Theory, the Framework
10
12
Culture and Popular Demand
19
3
Schooling, Popular Demand and Attainment in China, Basic Concepts
22
18
Theoretical Model of Chinese Educational Development
24
2
The Question of Chinese Data Accuracy
26
3
Inquiry into Chinese Educational Culture
29
1
Inquiry into the Socio-Economic and Political Context
30
4
Inquiry into Educational Policy Implementation
34
1
Inquiry into Popular Demand for Schooling
35
4
Inquiry into Educational Attainment
39
1
The Question of Content or What is Basic Education?
40
10
Chinese Definitions of Basic Educational Content
42
4
Beyond Basic Educational Attainment: Achievement
46
1
Definitions of Basic Educational Achievement Used in this Text
47
3
Limitations of the Inquiry
50
1
Organization of the Text
51
2
Education and Its Cultural Context, A Brief History
53
26
Chinese Cultural Tradition
54
2
The Confucian Educational Tradition
56
6
Traditional Ssi Shu Schools
61
1
Republican and Nationalist Education
62
7
Western and Japanese Influences
63
4
The Mass Education Movement
67
2
Liberated Areas: Mass Education Under Early Communist Rule
69
6
Target
72
1
Teachers
72
1
Textbooks
73
1
Forced Participation
73
1
Achievement
74
1
Conclusion: Pre-1949 Educational Attainment
75
4
Rhetoric: Educational Ideology and Policy in Mao's China
79
82
Enduring Traditions and New Educational Ideology
81
9
Enduring Confucian Educational Traditions
82
2
Knowledge
84
4
Who Would Be Educated
88
1
Confucian and Marxist Educational Ideologies
88
2
The Interaction between the Confucian Tradition and Two CCP Educational Ideologies
90
5
Moderate CCP Educational Ideology and the Confucian Educational Tradition
92
1
Radical CCP Educational Ideology and the Confucian Educational Tradition
93
2
Conclusion
95
1
CCP Educational Policy
95
30
The Mass-Line in Education and the Two-Line Struggle in CCP Educational Policy
96
4
The Moderate Manpower Needs Approach
100
7
The Radical Mass Politicization Approach
107
4
Policy Time Periods
111
3
The Policy Planning System
114
4
Education as a Human Resource Production System
118
2
Policy System, Organization
120
2
Annual educational plan and budget
122
2
Language Policy
124
1
Educational Funding
125
33
Funding and the Two-line Struggle
127
1
Government Expenditure, Formal and Minban, by Policy Time Period
127
1
Share of National Expenditures by Time Period
128
5
The Mass Line in Funding Education
133
1
Primary Education Expenditures
134
3
Primary and Secondary Funds, Share of Total Educational Expenditures
137
3
Primary Education Expenditure per Pupil by Time Period
140
3
Conclusion, Funding of Levels of Education by Policy Period
143
8
Funding by Rural/Urban Setting
151
4
Conclusion, Educational Funding
155
3
Conclusion, The Confucian Educational Tradition and CCP Educational Policy
158
3
School to Work: Linkage and Incentives
161
76
Historic and Economic Preconditions
163
2
Assets and Liabilities for Modern Development
165
5
Natural Endowments
167
1
The Province of Anhui
168
2
The National Economy
170
3
Rural Development
170
1
City Enclaves
171
1
War, Civil War, and the Loss of Capital
172
1
Summary, Socioeconomic Background
173
1
Incentives in the P.R.C. Economy
174
1
Improvement in Living Standards
174
3
Regional Incentives: The Rural/Urban Gap
177
8
Rural/urban Residence Disparities
179
1
Income Gap
179
1
Political Control
180
3
Urban Residency Advantages
183
2
The School to Work Transition: Human Resource Policy & System
185
8
Human Resource Planning
186
2
School to Work Transition: Central Job Assignment System
188
1
School to Rural Assignment
188
1
School to Urban Assignment
189
2
Inflexibility and Circumvention
191
1
Conclusion, School to Work Linkage
192
1
School Incentives & Disconnects in the Labor Force
193
28
Cadres, CCP officials
195
1
The Urban Economy and Its Incentives
196
1
Advanced Education as an Incentive
197
7
State Sector Employment Incentives
204
1
Industrial Workers
204
4
Informal Collective Labor Incentives
208
2
Nonpermanent Work, Incentives
210
1
The Rural Economy and Its Incentives
211
1
Agricultural Professional and Technical Work Incentives
212
1
Informal, Commune- and Brigade-Run Industrial Labor Incentives
213
3
Technicians and Skilled Non-farm Laborers
216
2
Farm Labor Incentives
218
3
Summary, Economic Incentives for Educational Participation
221
4
Social and Political Status Incentives
222
3
Occupational and Rank Status
225
2
Industrial Rank Status
225
1
Professional Status
226
1
Social Status Ranking Summary
227
1
Political Status Incentives
227
10
Political Loyalty and Benefits
229
1
Political Loyalty and Educational Linkage
230
3
Conclusion, School to Work, Incentives in Society
233
4
Reality: Quality and Availability of Basic Schooling
237
117
Quality
238
1
Teacher Quality
239
30
Teacher Corps History
243
4
Composition of the Teacher Corps
247
5
Teachers' Educational Qualifications
252
8
Teacher Training Programs
260
7
Conclusion, Teacher Quality
267
2
Schooling, System and Educational Content
269
1
Educational Delivery System, Formal, Nonformal, Extra-school
270
30
Nonformal Minban and Extra-school, Spare-time Basic Education
278
4
Basic Education Content
282
13
Assessment of basic education content
295
1
Conclusion, Basic Education, An Assessment of Possible Achievement
296
2
Availability
298
2
Provision of School Places
300
54
Basic Primary Schooling Provision by Time Period
301
1
National enrollment trends, official
301
4
National enrollment trends compared to provincial trends, official
305
3
Alternative series, enrollment
308
2
Enrollment rate, definition and trends of official and alternative series
310
3
Enrollment rate trends, official and alternative
313
2
Age-cohort size, impact on enrollment rates
315
3
Official net enrollment rate trends
318
2
Conclusion, provision by policy
320
2
Basic Schooling in the Rural Versus Urban Areas
322
9
Spare-time Basic Schooling
331
6
The Cost of Schooling
337
3
Minban Costs
340
3
Spare-time Costs
343
1
Conclusion, Cost
344
1
Conclusion, Quality and Availability of Basic Schooling
345
4
Internationally Comparable Evaluation of Achievement Standards and Levels
349
5
Reality: Popular Demand for Education in the PRC
354
63
Theories Regarding Demand for Education
355
8
PRC Definition of Social Demand as State Demand
357
2
Popular Demand in Mao's China
359
4
Participation Behavior, Popular Demand
363
33
Primary Schooling Retention Rates
364
4
Primary Attendance Rates
368
1
Primary Graduation Rates
369
6
Primary Rural/urban Disparity
375
9
No Schooling
384
3
Spare-time Basic Education
387
4
Participation Rate, the Objective Measure of Popular Demand
391
2
Conclusion, Participation Behavior
393
3
Perception of Education, Popular Demand
396
19
Moderate Policy Years in the 1950s
398
5
Radical Years, 1960s and Early 1970s
403
8
Moderate Years, Late 1970s
411
3
Conclusion, Perceptions of Education
414
1
Reality: Conclusion on Popular Demand
415
2
Results: Educational Attainment in Mao's China
417
30
What is Basic Educational Attainment?
418
2
Basic Educational Attainment Among Youth
420
5
Educational Attainment Rate Over the Time Periods
421
2
Rural/urban Disparity in Achievement Rate
423
2
Basic Educational Attainment Among Adults
425
2
Basic Educational Attainment in the Population in 1979, Official
427
8
Educational Attainment of the Labor Force
430
2
Rural/urban Gap
432
1
Case Studies and Surveys
432
3
Conclusion
435
2
Postscript
437
10
Comparison of Alternate and Official Basic Education Attainment Profiles
437
4
International Comparison
441
6
Conclusion
447
22
Theoretical Framework: The Local Nexus
448
2
Data Inaccuracy
450
1
The Mass-line in Education
451
4
Tradition, Ideology, Rhetoric and Policy, Mismatches
452
1
Rhetoric to Policy, Discrepancy
452
2
The Socioeconomic Context, Disincentives
454
1
Basic Education: Reality
455
2
Participation Reconsidered
457
1
Results: Socialist Mis Education
458
2
International Comparison
459
1
Research Questions Answered
460
8
A Wide Rural/urban Gap
461
1
Radical Leveling Harms Rural Education More than Moderate Policy
461
1
Policy Implementation and the Rural/urban Gap
462
1
Response or Demand and the Rural/urban Gap
463
2
Significance to International Development Education
465
3
Postscript
468
1
APPENDIX 1: DATA ON AND IN THE PRC
469
12
Data in the PRC, Special Considerations
469
1
Decoding Official Chinese Documents and Media
470
2
Reliability Criteria
472
1
Statistics in the PRC, 1949-79
472
3
Data Collection and Description
475
6
The Unit of Investigation
475
1
Primary Data Collection, Chinese Language Sources
476
3
Compilations of Demographic and Educational Data
479
1
Population Censuses
479
1
Labor Statistics
480
1
Population
480
1
APPENDIX 2: TABLES AND FIGURES, 1949-79
481
22
APPENDIX 3: GLOSSARY
503
2
APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS
505
2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
507
54
Abbreviation and Annotation of Frequently Used Sources
507
1
Alphabetic List of References
508
53
Index
561