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Tables of Contents for Introduction to Paralegal Studies and the Law
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction to Paralegalism As a Profession
1
48
Definitions of Paralegal
1
2
Areas of paralegal Employment
3
2
How Paralegals Are Utilized
5
6
Bonus Pointers: Compensation
11
2
Bonus Pointers: Employment
13
1
Paralegal Associations
14
2
Educational Programs
16
1
Getting a Job
16
8
Self-assessment
16
2
Experience
18
1
Resumes
19
1
Writing Samples
19
1
Networking
20
1
Want Ads
20
1
Mock Interviews
20
1
Selling Yourself
21
1
Recess
22
1
Summary-Part A
22
1
Key Terms
22
1
Review Questions-Part A
22
1
Practice Exam-Part A
22
2
Certification and Licensure
24
1
Bonus Pointers: The New Jersey Experience
25
2
Ethical Etiquette: Unauthorized Practice of Law
27
4
Qualities of Successful Paralegals
31
1
Bonus Pointers: Emotional Qualities of Successful Paralegals
32
2
Law Office Organization
34
2
Private Practice
34
1
Sole Proprietorship
35
1
Partnership
35
1
Professional Corporation
35
1
Limited Liability Partnership
35
1
Bonus Pointers: Retention
36
2
Ethical Etiquette: Ethical Codes
38
1
Ethical Etiquette: Solicitation and Advertising
39
1
Bonus Pointers: A Case of Solicitation
40
1
Tim's Techno Tips
41
1
Techno Trip
42
7
Summary--Part B
42
1
Key Terms
43
1
Review Questions--Part B
43
1
Practice Exam--Part B
44
1
Legal Lingo
45
1
Legal Logistics
46
1
A Trip to the Movies
46
1
Internet Inquiries
47
2
Developing the Case
49
68
Ethical Etiquette: Confidentiality
49
2
Law and Its Purpose
51
3
Sources of the Law
54
5
Legislative Branch
55
1
Executive Branch
55
1
Judicial Branch
56
1
Substantive vs. Procedural Law
56
1
Civil vs. Criminal Law
57
2
Setting Up an Initial Interview
59
1
Attorney-Client Privilege
60
1
Getting the Information
61
3
Structuring an Initial Interview
64
3
Determine Who the Adverse Parties Are
64
1
Determine What the Dispute is About
64
2
Determine What Damages Are Involved
66
1
Determine When the Dispute Arose
67
1
Bonus Pointers: Statute of Limitations Problems
67
4
Determine Where to Get More Information
67
1
Get Needed Administrative Information
68
1
Inform the Client
68
3
Bonus Pointers: Effective Listening Skills
71
6
Recess
72
1
Summary--Part A
72
1
Key Terms
73
1
Review Questions--Part A
73
1
Practice Exam--Part A
74
3
Interviewing a Witness
77
1
Bonus Pointers: Getting a Witness Statement
78
4
Bonus Pointers: Locating Witnesses
82
1
Getting Records
83
4
Medical Records
84
1
Police Records and Other Official Records
85
1
County Recorder's Office and Court Clerk's Office
85
1
Other Public Records
86
1
Bonus Pointers: How to Make a Freedom of Information Act Request
87
2
Additional Sources of Information
88
1
Photographing the Scene
89
1
Getting Physical Evidence
89
1
Obtaining an Expert Witness
90
1
Elements of a Personal Injury Claim
91
6
Negligence
91
4
Intentional Torts
95
1
Strict Liability
96
1
Evaluating the Case
97
3
Organizing the File
100
1
Managing Your Time
101
2
Bonus Pointers: Communications with Clients
103
1
Ethical Etiquette: Conflicts of Interest
104
3
Tim's Techno Tip
107
1
Techno Trip
107
10
Summary--Part B
107
2
Key Terms
109
1
Review Questions--Part B
109
1
Practice Exam--Part B
109
5
Legal Lingo
114
1
Legal Logistics
114
1
A Trip to the Movies
115
1
Internet Inquiries
116
1
Researching the Case
117
86
Organization of the Courts
117
3
Federal Courts
117
3
Bonus Pointers: Court Traditions
120
4
State Courts
122
2
Where Cases are Reported
124
3
State Courts
125
1
Federal Courts
126
1
Availability of Cases
126
1
Electronic Research
127
1
Reading Cases
127
1
Format of Court Opinions
127
1
Bonus Pointers: Reading Captions
127
3
Citations
130
1
Bonus Pointers: Why Reading Cases Is So Challenging
131
1
Briefing
132
1
Bonus Pointers: Briefs Come in Two Forms
133
16
Citation
133
1
Procedural History
133
12
Facts
145
1
Issue and Holding
146
1
Rationale
147
1
Synthesis
148
1
Bonus Pointers: Importance of Briefing
149
6
Recess
149
1
Summary--Part A
149
1
Key Terms
150
1
Review Questions--Part A
151
1
Practice Exam--Part A
151
4
Primary and Secondary Authority
155
1
Encyclopedias
155
3
Treatises
158
1
Digests
158
6
Using Digests
164
1
Updating Cases
164
2
Shepardizing
166
1
American Law Reports
167
3
Restatements
170
4
Legal Periodicals
174
1
Limitations on Appellate Courts
175
2
Questions of Fact vs. Questions of Law
175
1
Stare Decisis
176
1
Adherence to Statutes and Constitutions
176
1
Legal Analysis
177
2
Issue
178
1
Rule
178
1
Application
178
1
Conclusion
178
1
Comparing Case Law
179
1
Statutes
180
6
Definitions Section of Statute
183
2
Plain Meaning
185
1
Context of Other Statutues
185
1
Public Policy
185
1
Case Law
185
1
Legislative History
185
1
Bonus Pointers: Canons of Construction
186
1
Writing a Memorandum
187
5
Format
187
1
Heading
188
1
Overview
188
1
Facts
188
1
Issue
189
1
Analysis
189
1
Conclusion
189
1
Recommendations
190
2
Tim's Techno Tips
192
1
Techno Trip
193
10
Summary--Part B
193
1
Key Terms
194
1
Review Questions--Part B
195
1
Practice Exam--Part B
195
4
Legal Lingo
199
1
Legal Logistics
200
1
A Trip to the Movies
201
1
Internet Inquiries
202
1
Initiating a Case
203
72
Ethical Etiquette: Improper Communications with Opponents
204
1
Ethical Etiquette: Frivolous Lawsuits--Rule 11
205
1
Going After the Deep Pocket
206
2
Collectability of Judgments
208
1
Fee Agreements
209
3
Ethical Etiquette: Fees and Fee Arrangements
212
1
Tmekeeping
213
1
Bonus Pointers: Accessibility of Legal Services
214
2
Planning Litigation
216
3
Client Objectives
216
1
Theory of Case
216
1
Demand Letter
216
1
Pre-filing Requirements
217
1
Litigation Timetable
217
2
Jurisdiction
219
3
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
219
1
Personal Jurisdiction
220
2
Bonus Pointers: Personal Jurisdiction Cases
222
1
Venue
222
1
Deciding Which Court Is the Best
223
3
Procedural Law
223
1
Substantive Law
224
1
Other Factors to Weigh in Choosing a Forum
224
2
Bonus Pointers: Office Politics
226
6
Recess
226
1
Summary--Part A
226
1
Key Terms
227
1
Review Questions--Part A
228
1
Practice Exam--Part A
228
4
Drafting a Complaint
232
1
Overview of a Complaint
232
1
Bonus Pointers: Mechanical Requirements
232
6
Caption
234
1
Body
235
1
Allegations
235
1
Counts
236
2
Bonus Pointers: Proving Damages
238
6
Conclusion
240
4
Serving Process
244
2
Purpose of Service
244
1
Procedures for Serving Process
245
1
Creating and Organizing Files
246
2
Computing Deadlines
248
1
Importance of Meeting Deadlines
248
1
Bonus Pointers: Dealing with Deadlines
248
2
Computing Deadlines
249
1
Answering the Complaint
250
10
Objectives of the Answer
250
2
Steps to Drafting an Answer
252
1
Third-party Claims
252
1
Affirmative Defenses
253
1
Defenses to Tort Claims
253
3
Writing the Answer
256
4
Alternatives to Filing an Answer
260
3
Do Nothing, Default
260
1
File for Bankruptcy
260
1
Seek a Different Forum
261
1
Move to Dismiss for Lack of Jursidiction, Improper Service, Etc.
261
1
Negotiate a Settlement
261
1
Move to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim
262
1
Tim's Techno Tips
263
1
Techno Trip
263
12
Summary--Part B
264
1
Key Terms
265
1
Review Questions--Part B
265
1
Practice Exam--Part B
265
5
Legal Lingo
270
1
Legal Logistics
271
1
A Trip to the Movies
272
1
Internet Inquiries
273
2
Discovery and Motion Practice
275
62
Overview of Discovery
276
1
Discovery Reform and Mandatory Disclosure
276
2
Bonus Pointers: Historical Context of Discovery Reform
278
2
Local Variations
279
1
Ethical Etiquette: Ethical Concerns Surrounding Mandatory Disclosure
280
1
Criticisms of Mandatory Disclosure
280
1
Bonus Pointers: Report Card on Mandatory Disclosure
280
1
Overview of Depositions
281
3
Advantages of Depositions Over Written Discovery
281
2
Goals of a Deposition
283
1
Arranging Depositions
284
1
Expert Witnesses
285
1
Noticing Depositions
286
2
Bonus Pointers: Depositions in the Electronic Age
288
1
Independent Medical Examination (I.M.E.)
289
2
Goals of Document Discovery
291
1
Document Discovery in a Nutshell
291
2
The Tools of Document Discovery
293
2
Overview of Written Discovery
295
1
Requests for Admission
296
1
Preparing Interrogatories and Requests for Admissions
296
2
Using Interrogatories and Requests for Admission
298
8
Recess
298
1
Summary--Part A
298
2
Key Terms
300
1
Review Questions--Part A
300
1
Practice Exam--Part A
300
6
Disclosure Statements
306
1
Ethical Etiquette: Inadequate Disclosure: The Consequences
307
2
Bonus Pointers: More Comprehensive Disclosure Schemes
309
Ethical Etiquette: Ex Parte Communications
300
10
Motion Practice
310
1
How Motions Are Presented
310
1
How Motions Are Decided
311
1
Example of a Motion: Motion to Dismiss
312
3
Summary of Agreemeent
313
1
Factual Background
313
1
Argument
313
1
Conclusion
313
2
Bonus Pointers: Gallagher or Mary Carter Agreements
315
4
Preparing for a Deposition
317
1
Assisting at a Deposition
317
1
What to Expect at a Deposition
318
1
Bonus Pointers: The Opposing Attorney's Role
319
2
Summarizing a Deposition
321
2
Grounds for Objecting to Discovery Requests
323
3
Work Product
323
1
Questions Calling for Privileged Communications
324
1
Questions Exceeding the Scope of Discovery
324
2
Non-Compliance with Discovery Requests
326
3
Tim's Techno Tips
329
1
Techno Trip
329
8
Summary--Part B
330
1
Key Terms
331
1
Review Questions--Part B
331
1
Practice Exam--Part B
331
3
Legal Lingo
334
1
Legal Logistics
335
1
A Trip to the Movies
335
1
Internet Inquiries
336
1
Pre-Trial, Trial, and Post-Trial
337
68
Motions for Summary Judgment
338
2
Setting a Trial Date
340
1
Pre-Trial Statements/Orders
341
1
Ethical Etiquette: Responding to Inquiries from the Press
341
1
Countdown to Trial
342
8
Motions in Limine
344
1
Jury Instructions
345
2
Exhibits
347
1
Trial Notebook
348
2
Trying the Case
350
2
Jury Selection
350
2
Bonus Pointers: Trials to the Court
352
11
Opening Statements
353
1
Presentation of Evidence
354
2
The Plaintiff's Case
356
3
Rules of Evidence
359
3
``Half-Time''
362
1
Ethical Etiquette: Contact with Jurors
363
16
Defendant's Case
363
2
Rebuttal
365
1
More Motions
365
2
Closing Arguments
367
1
Charging the Jury and Submitting the Case to the Jury
368
1
Recess
369
1
Summary--Part A
369
1
Key Terms
370
1
Review Questions--Part A
371
1
Practice Exam--Part A
371
5
Deliberation and Verdict
376
2
Getting from Verdict to Judgment
378
1
Getting from Verdict to Judgment
379
2
Collecting a Judgment
381
1
Debtor's Examination
382
1
Bonus Pointers: Locating Assets of Judgment Debtors
382
3
Execution
383
2
Bonus Pointers: Role of the Paralegal in Collection Practice
385
1
The Judgment Debtor's Options
385
1
Bonus Pointers: Bankruptcy
386
2
Appeals
388
5
Grounds for Reversal
388
1
Interlocutory Appeals
389
1
Appellate Process
389
4
Tim's Techno Tips
393
1
Techno Trip
393
12
Summary--Part B
393
3
Key Terms
396
1
Review Questions--Part B
396
1
Practice Exam--Part B
397
4
Legal Lingo
401
1
Legal Logistics
401
1
A Trip to the Movies
402
1
Internet Inquiries
403
2
Criminal Law and Procedure
405
68
Overview of Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure Law
406
1
Arrest and Search Warrants
407
1
Warrantless Searches
408
3
Case: Minnesota v. Dickerson
411
4
Stop and Frisk
415
1
Interrogation
416
3
Booking and Initial Appearance
419
2
Preliminary Hearing and Grand Jury Indictment
421
1
Arraignment
422
1
Plea Bargaining
422
2
Ethical Etiquette: Candor in Advocacy
424
1
Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel
425
2
Paralegals in the Practice of Criminal Law
427
8
Recess
427
1
Summary--Part A
427
2
Key Terms
429
1
Review Questions--Part A
429
1
Practice Exam--Part A
430
5
Elements of a Crime
435
3
Mens Rea
435
2
Actus Reus
437
1
Causation
438
1
Gradation of Offenses
438
2
Crimes Against People
438
1
Crimes Against Property
439
1
Crimes Against the Government
439
1
Crimes Against the Public Order
439
1
Defenses
440
5
Use of Force
440
1
Duress and Necessity
441
1
Infancy
441
1
Intoxication
442
1
Insanity
442
1
Entrapment
443
2
Exclusionary Rule
445
2
Bonus Pointers: Victim Rights
447
1
Sentencing
448
2
Indeterminate vs. Determinate Sentencing
448
1
Presumptive Sentencing
448
1
Federal Sentencing Guidelines
449
1
Bonus Pointers: Myth of Leniency
450
1
Philosophy of Punishment
451
3
Retribution
451
1
Deterrence
452
1
Rehabilitation
452
1
Incapacitation
453
1
Bonus Pointers: Cost of Imprisonment
454
1
Alternatives to Incarceration
454
1
Bonus Pointers: Restorative Justice
455
1
Imprisonment
456
1
Bonus Pointers: Victimization in Prison
457
1
Ethical Etiquette: Admission to the Bar
458
1
Tim's Techno Tips
459
1
Techno Trip
459
14
Summary--Part B
460
1
Key Terms
461
1
Review Questions--Part B
461
1
Practice Exam--Part B
462
5
Legal Lingo
467
1
Legal Logistics
468
2
A Trip to the Movies
470
1
Internet Inquiries
471
1
End Notes
471
2
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), Tribal Court Advocacy and Administrative Law
473
52
What Is ADR?
474
1
Arbitration
475
1
Forms of Arbitration
475
1
Bonus Pointers: American Arbitration Association (AAA)
476
3
Arbitration Process
477
1
Role of the Paralegal
477
2
Mediation
479
3
Types of Mediation
479
1
Mediation Process
480
2
Role of the Paralegal
482
1
Bonus Pointers: Skills of Effective Mediators
482
1
Ethical Etiquette: Ethical Rules for Mediators
483
1
Med-Arb
484
1
Role of the Paralegal
484
1
Summary Jury Trial
484
2
Mini-Trial
486
1
Role of the Paralegal
486
1
Other Options
487
1
Bright and Dark Side of ADR
488
2
Bonus Pointers: Quality Control
490
8
Recess
491
1
Summary--Part A
491
2
Key Terms
493
1
Review Questions--Part A
493
1
Practice Exam--Part A
494
4
Tribal Court Advocacy
498
2
Administrative Agencies
500
1
Examples of Administrative Agencies
501
1
Rule-Making Power
501
1
Limitations on Administrative Agencies
502
2
Administrative Law Judges
504
1
Administrative Adjudicatory Hearings
504
2
Case: Ferguson v. Arizona Department of Economic Security
506
1
Centralized Panel
507
1
Example of Administrative Procedures
507
2
Research of Administrative Law
509
3
Code of Federal Regulations
509
1
Federal Register
510
1
Information About Administrative Agencies
511
1
Publication of Administrative Decisions
511
1
Investigative Actions
512
1
Role of the Paralegal
513
1
Ethical Etiquette: Paralegal Representation of Clients in Administrative Agencies
514
1
Bonus Pointers: Workers' Compensation
514
1
Tim's Techno Tip
515
1
Techno Trip
516
9
Summary--Part B
516
1
Key Terms
517
1
Review Questions--Part B
517
1
Practice Exam--Part B
518
2
Legal Lingo
520
1
Legal Logistics
521
1
A Trip to the Movies
521
1
Internet Inquiries
522
3
Business Law
525
72
Uniform Commercial Code
526
2
Elements of a Contract
528
5
Offer
528
2
Acceptance
530
1
Consideration
531
2
Contract Interpretation
533
1
Case: Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sale Corp.
534
4
Alternatives to Performance
538
3
Damages
541
2
Equitable Principles
543
3
Defenses
546
1
Lack of Capacity to Contract
546
1
Illegal Contracts
546
1
Bonus Pointers: Bad Faith
547
15
No Meeting of the Minds
548
1
Writing Requirements
548
1
Warranties
548
4
Recess
552
1
Summary--Part A
552
2
Key Terms
554
1
Review Questions--Part A
555
1
Practice Exam--Part A
556
6
Overview of Business Organizations
562
3
Sole Proprietorship
562
1
General Partnership
562
1
Limited Partnership
562
1
Corporation
563
1
Limited Liability Corporations (LLCs)
564
1
Partnerships
565
3
General Partnerships
565
1
Limited Partnerships
566
2
Corporations
568
1
Nature of a Corporation
568
1
Ethical Etiquette: Attorney-Client Privilege for Corporations
568
4
Incorporation Process
569
1
Financing a Corporation
570
2
LLCs and LLPs
572
1
Ethical Etiquette: Business Transactions with Clients
572
1
Secured Transactions
573
1
Bonus Pointers: Bankruptcy
574
1
Law of Agency
575
2
Case: Santiago v. Phoenix Newspapers, Inc.
577
5
Role of the Paralegal
582
1
Tim's Techno Tips
583
1
Techno Trip
583
14
Summary--Part B
583
2
Key Terms
585
1
Review Questions--Part B
585
1
Practice Exam--Part B
586
5
Legal Lingo
591
1
Legal Logistics
592
2
A Trip to the Movies
594
1
Internet Inquiries
595
1
Endnotes
596
1
Family Law
597
42
Entering into Marriage
598
1
Marriage Contracts That Are Void or Voidable
598
2
Premarital Agreements
600
1
Postnuptial Agreements
601
1
Interlocutory Relief
602
1
Bonus Pointers: Domestic Violence
603
1
Grounds for Dissolution of Marriage
604
1
Ethical Etiquette: Potential Conflicts of Interest in Family Law
605
1
Divorce Procedures
605
2
Alimony
607
1
Property Division
608
1
Case: Gastineau v. Gastineau
609
10
Recess
613
1
Summary--Part A
613
1
Key Terms
614
1
Review Questions--Part A
615
1
Practice Exam--Part A
615
4
Child Custody
619
2
Bonus Pointers: Child Abuse and Neglect
621
1
Visitation
622
2
Child Support
624
1
Bonus Pointers: Tax Law
624
1
Child Support Enforcement
625
1
Bonus Pointers: Paternity Actions
626
1
Modification
627
2
Role of the Paralegal
629
1
Adoption
630
1
Tim's Techno Tips
631
1
Techno Trip
631
8
Summary--Part B
632
1
Key Terms
632
1
Review Questions--Part B
633
1
Practice Exam--Part B
633
2
Legal Lingo
635
1
Legal Logistics
636
1
A Trip to the Movies
637
1
Internet Inquiries
637
1
Endnotes
638
1
Real Estate and Probate Law
639
58
Bonus Pointers: Emerging Legal Specialties
640
1
Real Property
641
1
Bonus Pointers: Intellectual Property Law
641
2
Use of Real Property
643
3
Limits on the Use of property
643
2
Unreasonable Use of property
645
1
Case: Wood v. Picillo
646
3
Bonus Pointers: Environmental Law
649
2
Shared Ownership of property
651
1
Deeds
652
4
Sale of Real Property
656
1
Real Estate Contracts
656
1
Bonus Pointers: Legal Descriptions of Property
657
3
Title Searches and Title Insurance
657
2
Real Estate Closings
659
1
Ethical Etiquette: Real Estate Closings
660
1
Ethical Etiquette: Intentional Misrepresentation
661
1
Leasing of Property
662
2
Role of the Paralegal
664
12
Recess
664
1
Summary--Part A
664
2
Key Terms
666
1
Review Questions--Part A
666
1
Practice Exam--Part A
667
5
Dying Without a Will
672
2
Wills
674
2
Ethical Etiquette: Paralegal Supervision of Will Execution
676
1
Case: Troyer v. Plackett
677
2
Ethical Etiquette: Attorney/Paralegal as Beneficiary of Will
679
1
Bonus Pointers: Living Wills
679
1
Probate Proceedings
680
2
Trusts
682
3
Role of the Paralegal
685
1
Bonus Pointers: Elder Law
685
2
Tim's Techno Tips
687
1
Techno Trip
687
10
Summary--Part B
688
1
Key Terms
689
1
Review Questions--Part B
689
1
Practice Exam--Part B
689
3
Legal Lingo
692
2
Legal Logistics
694
1
A Trip to the Movies
694
1
Internet Inquiries
695
1
Endnotes
695
2
Afterword by the Authors
697
2
Appendix A: Answers to Putting It Into Practice Questions and Practice Exams
699
40
Appendix B: Cases
739
62
Glossary
801
14
Index
815
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