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Tables of Contents for Moral Values
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PART II THE REALM OF ETHICAL VALUES
(Axiology of Morals)
Transaction Introduction
xv
Section I GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE TABLE OF VALUES
The Place of Moral Values Among Values in General
23
7
The Field of Ethical Inquiry
23
1
The Dependence of Moral upon Non-Moral Values
24
2
Other Kinds of Dependence
26
1
Scheler's Attempt to Establish the Opposite Theory
27
3
Moral Value and the End of Action
30
14
The Misunderstanding of Moral Values in the Ethics of Ends
30
1
The Limits of the Ought-to-Do in the Realm of Values
31
3
The Limit within which Moral Values may be Striven For
34
4
The Relation of Striving to Attaining
38
3
Limit to the Possibility of Actualizing Moral Values
41
3
The Gradation of Values
44
10
The Methodological Difficulty in the Principle of Gradation
44
1
Consciousness of Value and Consciousness of its Gradations
45
2
``Higher'' and ``Lower,'' their Meaning axiologically Irreducible
47
3
The Multiple Dimensionality of the Realm of Values
50
1
Strength and Height of Values---Sin and Fulfilment
51
3
The Criteria of the Grade of a Value
54
11
Five Tests of Rank in the Scale of Values
54
2
The Evaluation of these Criteria
56
1
Hildebrand's Theory of Valuational Response
57
1
The Valuational Predicates of the Nicomachean Ethics
58
2
Scheler's Laws of Preference and the Absoluteness of the Ideal Gradation
60
5
The Problem of the Supreme Value
65
10
Demand for a Unifying Ethical Principle
65
1
The Unknowableness of the Content of the ``Good''
66
2
Possible Types of Monism in the Given Pluralism of Values
68
3
The Monism of Ethics in the Pluralism of Values
71
4
Section II THE MOST GENERAL ANTITHESES
The Antinomic of Values
75
6
Positive Opposition as a Peculiarity of the Most Elementary Values
75
1
Moral Conflict and the Valuational Antinomies
76
2
The Dimensional System of Opposites as an Ideal ``Valuational Space''
78
3
Modal Oppositions
81
6
The Antinomy of Necessity and Freedom
81
2
The Antinomy of the Real Being and the Non-being of Values
83
2
Formulations and Conjugations of this Antinomy
85
2
Relational Opposites
87
11
The Antinomy of the Carrier of Value
87
2
The Antinomy of Activity and Inertia
89
2
The Grade and the Range of the Type
91
2
Harmony and Conflict
93
3
Simplicity and Complexity
96
2
Qualitative and Quantitative Oppositions
98
27
Universality and Singularity
98
3
The Synthesis in the Type
101
2
Comprehensiveness and Universality, Individuality and the Individual
103
3
The Contrast of the Collective Unity and the Individual
106
4
The Antinomy in the Contrast of Quantity
110
3
The Limit of the Antinomy
113
2
The Completely Antinomical Elements in the Realm of Values and of Ontological Reality
115
3
Intermediate Members---the Smaller Community and the Political Party
118
2
Humanity and Nation
120
5
Section III THE VALUES WHICH CONDITION CONTENTS
General Character of the Group
125
6
Concreteness and Fulness of Content
125
1
The Relation of the One-sided Series to the Antinomies
126
2
The Second Supplementary Group
128
3
Valuational Foundations in the Subject
131
24
Life as a Value
131
3
Consciousness as a Value
134
3
Activity as a Value
137
1
Suffering as a Value
138
4
Strength as a Value
142
1
Freedom of the Will as a Value
143
4
Foresight as a Value
147
4
Purposive Efficacy as a Value
151
4
Goods as Values
155
12
The Position of the Scale of Goods in the General Ethical Scale
155
1
Existence as a Basic Value
156
2
Situation as a Value
158
1
Power as a Value
159
1
Happiness as a Value
160
2
More Special Classes of Goods
162
1
The Limit of the Ethical Problem Concerning the Scale of Goods
163
4
Section IV FUNDAMENTAL MORAL VALUES
Moral Values in General
167
4
The Connection between Moral Values and Freedom
167
2
The Fundamental Moral Values and the Subordinate Groups
169
2
The Good
171
21
Goodness as a Fundamental Moral Value
171
1
Indefinability and Partial Irrationality of the Good
172
1
The Ambiguities Concerning Goodness
173
1
Axiological Distance of the Good from the Conditioning Values of Action
174
2
The Teleology of the Anti-Values and the Idea of Satan
176
3
Goodness: the Pursuit of Values as Ends
179
3
Intended Values and the Value of Intentions in the Pursuit of Value
182
2
The Dependence of Goodness upon the Scale of Values in respect of Material
184
4
The Gradation in our Sense of Height and the ``Order of the Heart''
188
2
Universality in the Ought-to-Be of Goodness
190
2
The Noble
192
13
The Relation of Noble-mindedness to Goodness, and of its Opposite to Badness
192
1
The Relation of Nobility to Vitality as a Value
193
2
The Pursuit of the Uncommon as an End
195
2
Selection of Values and Selection of Individuals (Aristology)
197
1
Ethical Ascendency and the Morality of the Group
198
3
The Moral Characteristics of the Noble
201
2
Discrimination and Co-ordination
203
2
Richness of Experience
205
6
Relationship to Goodness and Nobility. The Withdrawal of Teleology
205
1
The Synthesis of Values in the Ethos of Many-sidedness
206
2
Breadth of Mind and its Relation to Badness
208
3
Purity
211
14
Contrast to Goodness and Many-sidedness
211
1
Christianity and Antiquity. Purity as a Basic Value
212
2
Purity as a Moral Power
214
2
The Forms in which Purity Appears
216
1
Purity Irrecoverable when Lost
217
2
The Inner Dialectic of Purity and Manysidedness
219
2
Purity and Freedom, Belief and Character
221
4
Section V SPECIAL MORAL VALUES
(First Group)
The Virtues in General
225
3
Justice
228
10
Law, Equality and Personal Justice
228
1
Doing Wrong and Suffering Wrong
229
1
Justice as the Lowest and Most Elementary Moral Value
230
2
Legality and Morality
232
2
Law and Solidarity
234
4
Wisdom
238
7
The Ethical Meaning of Σoφια and Sapientia
238
1
The Socratic Ideal of Life
239
2
Ethical Optimism and the Capacity for Happiness
241
4
Courage
245
4
Personal Commitment and Moral Adventure
245
1
Moral Value and the Delight in Responsibility
246
3
Self-Control
249
4
σωφρoσυνη, and εγκρατεια
249
2
Obedience, Discipline, the Education of Character
251
2
The Aristotelian Virtues
253
14
The Theory of the Golden Mean
253
4
σωφρoσυνη in the Light of the μεσoτησ
257
1
Liberality in Giving, Mildness, Magnificence
258
1
Ambition and Magnanimity
259
3
Giving Each his Due
262
1
The Sense of Shame
263
4
Section VI SPECIAL MORAL VALUES
(Second Group)
Brotherly Love
267
14
Interest in the Welfare of Others
267
1
Positive Contents and Creative Spontaneity
268
2
Antinomical Relation to Justice
270
2
Resentment, False Love and Pity
272
2
Emotional Transcendence of the Sphere of Self
274
2
The Apriorism and Metaphysic of Brotherly Love
276
2
The Autonomy of the Moral Value in Brotherly Love
278
3
Truthfulness and Uprightness
281
5
Truth and Truthfulness
281
2
Valuational Conflicts between Truthfulness and the So-called ``Necessary Lie''
283
3
Trustworthiness and Fidelity
286
5
The Ability to Make Promises
286
1
The Identity and Substance of the Moral Person
287
1
The Ethos of Fidelity
288
3
Trust and Faith
291
7
Adventure, Courage and the Spiritual Power of Trust
291
1
Blind Faith
292
1
Solidarity and the Educative Power of Faith
293
3
Faith as a Factor in Friendship
296
1
Optimism and Hope
296
2
Modesty, Humility, Aloofness
298
6
The Ethos of the Upward Gaze
298
1
Humility and Pride
299
2
Keeping One's Distance
301
3
The Values of Social Intercourse
304
7
The Moral Character of Conventionalities
304
1
Existing Customs
305
2
Aristotle's Virtues of Social Intercourse
307
4
Section VII SPECIAL MORAL VALUES
(Third Group)
Love of the Remote
311
21
The Limiting Values in the Ethical Survey
311
1
Effort as an Element in the Following Virtues
311
3
The Platonic ερωσ
314
1
The Human Outlook and Historical Solidarity
315
2
Love of the Nearest and Love of the Remotest
317
4
Justice and the Love of the Remotest
321
2
The Formation of One's Ethical Ideal
323
2
The Content of Prospective Ideals
325
3
Love of the Remotest, its Moral Character
328
4
Radiant Virtue
332
9
Spiritual Goods and the Personal Character accordant with them
332
2
Imparting and Receiving. Virtue without Sacrifice
334
1
``A Useless Virtue''
335
3
The Giving of Meaning to Life, Anthropodicy
338
3
Personality
341
27
Relation to Individuality
341
1
The Real Being and the Ideal Ethos of Personality (Its Intelligible Character)
342
4
Subjective Universality and Objective Individuality
346
2
Objective Universality and Individuality in the Personal Value
348
1
The Law of Preference in the Individual Ethos; its Relation to the Order of Rank
349
4
The Rank of Personality in the Scale of Moral Values
353
1
Two Kinds of Gradation in Personality
354
1
Antinomic Relation to General Values and the Conversion of the Categorical Imperative
355
6
Genuine and Spurious Personality
361
3
The Values of Personality, Discernible and Aprioristic
364
4
Personal Love
368
17
Personal Being, the Fulfilment of its Meaning
368
2
Love, its Distinctive Life and Value
370
2
Love, its Strength and its Will as Values
372
3
Beyond Happiness and Unhappiness
375
2
Depth of Soul and Spiritual Communion
377
1
Love as a Source of Knowledge
378
7
Section VIII THE ORDER OF THE REALM OF VALUES
The Lack of Systematic Structure
385
7
Limits of Our Survey
385
1
Results Obtained Concerning the Scale of Values
386
3
Types of Regularity in the Table of Values
389
3
Stratification and the Foundational Relation
392
15
The Dialectical Law of Combination
392
1
The Implication of Disvalues and the Implication of Values
393
2
Stratification and its Laws
395
2
The Laws of Stratification, the Limits of their Validity
397
2
The Absorption of the Conditioning Relation into Stratification
399
4
The Relation between Ethical and Æsthetic Values
403
2
Consequences
405
2
Oppositional Relation and the Synthesis of Values
407
26
Five Types of Axiological Contrast
407
2
Reduction of the Table of Contrasts
409
1
The Formal Relation between the Types of Contrast and their Reciprocity
410
1
The Antithetic of Disvalues and the Theory of the μεσoτησ
411
3
The μεσoτησ as a Valuational Synthesis
414
4
Application of the Synthetic Principle to the Higher Moral Values
418
3
The Tyranny of Values and its Restriction in the Synthesis
421
5
The ``Unity of Virtue.'' Outlook upon the Ideal System of Values
426
1
The Antithetic of Values, its Removal to the Disvalues
427
3
The Question as to the Genuineness of the Valuational Antinomies
430
3
The Complementary Relationship
433
11
Values, the Reciprocal Fulfilment of their Meaning
433
1
Extension of the Relationship to the Lower Values
434
3
The Independence of Stratification and of the Conditioning Relation
437
3
Connection with the Oppositional Relation
440
1
The Inter-personal Synthesis of Values
441
3
The Grade and the Strength of Values
444
20
Gradation and Stratification
444
1
Height and Synthesis
445
1
The Fundamental Categorial Law and its Corollaries
446
3
The Law of Strength
449
4
The Meaning of Superior Strength in the Sphere of Goods-Values
453
2
Strength and Height in the Sphere of the Moral Values
455
2
The Twofold Aspect of Morality
457
2
The Antinomy in the Nature of the Good
459
1
The Synthesis of the Two Trends of Preference, as an Ideal
460
4
Value and Valuational Indifference
464
9
Various Altitudes of the Scales but the Same Zero-Point
464
1
The Relation of the Heights of the Values and the Depths of the Anti-Values to the Indifference-Point
465
3
The Absolutely Indifferent and the Absolutely Valuable
468
3
The Beginning and End of the Realm of Values
471
2
Glossary of Greek Terms and Phrases
473
4
Index
477