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Tables of Contents for An Introduction to Community Health
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
4
Preface to the Web Enhanced Edition
xvii
UNIT I FOUNDATIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
1
166
Chapter 1 Community Health--Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
2
27
Scenario
3
1
Introduction
3
7
Definitions
3
1
Roles of Community Health in Society
4
1
Factors That Affect the Health of a Community
5
5
A Brief History of Community and Public Health
10
14
Earliest Civilizations
10
2
Middle Ages (500-1500 A.D.)
12
1
Renaissance and Exploration (1500-1700 A.D.)
12
1
The Eighteenth Century
13
1
The Nineteenth Century
14
3
The Twentieth Century
17
7
Outlook for Community Health in the Twenty-First Century
24
1
World Planning for the Year 2000
24
1
The United States' Plan for Health in the Year 2000
24
1
Chapter Summary
25
4
Chapter 2 Organizations That Contribute to Community Health
29
28
Scenario
30
1
Introduction
30
1
Classification of Health Agencies
31
1
Governmental (Official) Health Agencies
31
15
International Health Agencies
31
3
National Health Agencies
34
6
State Health Agencies
40
1
Local Health Agencies
41
3
Comprehensive School Health
44
2
Quasi-Governmental Health Organizations
46
1
The American Red Cross
46
1
Other Quasi-Governmental Organizations
47
1
NonGovernmental (Unofficial) Health Agencies
47
7
Voluntary Health Organizations
47
2
Professional Health Organizations/Associations
49
3
Philanthropic Foundations
52
1
Service and Religious Organizations
53
1
Corporate Involvement in Community Health
54
1
Chapter Summary
54
3
Chapter 3 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community
57
25
Scenario
58
1
Introduction
59
2
Definition of Epidemiology
60
1
History of Epidemiology
60
1
The Importance of Rates
61
4
Incidence, Prevalence, and Attack Rates
62
1
Crude and Specific Rates
63
2
Reporting of Births, Deaths, and Diseases
65
3
Sources of Standardized Data
68
1
Epidemiological Studies
69
7
Descriptive Studies
69
3
Analytical Studies
72
2
Experimental Studies
74
2
Chapter Summary
76
6
Chapter 4 Epidemiology: Prevention and Control of Diseases and Health Conditions
82
25
Scenario
83
1
Introduction
83
1
Classification of Diseases and Health Problems
83
2
Communicable Versus Noncommunicable Diseases
84
1
Acute Versus Chronic Diseases and Illnesses
84
1
Communicable Diseases
85
4
Chain of Infection
85
2
Modes of Transmission
87
2
Noncommunicable Diseases
89
3
Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels
90
1
Malignant Neoplasms
91
1
Other Noncommunicable Disease Problems
92
1
Prioritizing Prevention and Control Efforts
92
2
Leading Causes of Death
92
1
Years of Potential Life Lost
93
1
Economic Cost to Society
94
1
Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases
94
1
Levels of Prevention
95
10
Prevention of Communicable Diseases
95
6
Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases
101
4
Chapter Summary
105
2
Chapter 5 Community Organization and Health Promotion Planning: Two Important Tools of Community Health
107
26
Scenario
108
1
Introduction
108
1
Community Organization
108
3
Community Organization Versus Community Development
109
1
Assumptions for Community Organization
110
1
Methods of Community Organization
110
1
A Process for Organizing a Community
111
7
Recognition of a Problem
111
1
Gaining Entry into the Community
112
1
Organizing the People
113
1
Identifying the Specific Problem
114
1
Determining Priorities and Setting Goals
115
1
Arriving at a Solution and Selecting Intervention Activities
116
1
The Final Steps in the Process--Implementing, Evaluating, Maintaining, Looping Back
116
2
Special Note about Community Organization
118
1
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programming
118
2
Basic Understanding of Program Planning
118
2
Creating a Health Promotion/Disease Prevention (HP/DP) Program
120
10
Assessing the Needs of the Target Population
120
4
Setting Goals and Objectives
124
2
Developing an Intervention
126
1
Implementing the Intervention
126
2
Evaluating the Results
128
2
Chapter Summary
130
3
Chapter 6 The School Health Program: A Component of Community Health
133
34
Scenario
134
1
Introduction
135
7
Definitions
135
1
The School Health Team
136
1
The School Nurse
136
3
The Teacher's Role
139
3
Why School Health?
142
1
Foundations of the School Health Program
143
1
School Health Policies
144
1
Policy Development
144
1
Policy Implementation
144
1
Major Components of a Comprehensive School Health Program
144
16
Administration and Organization
144
1
School Health Services
145
3
Healthful School Environment
148
5
Health Instruction
153
7
Issues and Concerns Facing the School Health Program
160
3
Comprehensive School Health Program
160
1
Dealing with Controversy in the Curriculum
160
2
School-based Clinics (SBCs) or School-linked Clinics (SLCs)
162
1
Chapter Summary
163
4
UNIT II THE NATION'S HEALTH
167
238
Chapter 7 A Health Profile of the American People
168
44
Scenario
169
1
Introduction
169
1
Health Status and Its Measurement
170
18
Mortality Statistics
171
1
Life Expectancy
171
3
Years of Potential Life Lost
174
1
National Health Interview Survey Data
175
1
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
175
4
Disability-Adjusted Life Years
179
9
Creating a Health Profile of Americans
188
1
A Health Profile of Infants and Children
188
2
A Health Profile of Adolescents and Young Adults
190
10
Mortality
190
3
Morbidity
193
2
Health Behaviors and Life-Style Choices
195
5
A Health Profile of Adults
200
4
Mortality
200
2
Health Behaviors and Life-Style Choices
202
2
A Health Profile of Seniors
204
5
Life Expectancy
205
1
Mortality
206
1
Morbidity
206
2
Health Behaviors and Life-Style Choices
208
1
Chapter Summary
209
3
Chapter 8 Maternal, Infant, and Child Health
212
38
Scenario
213
1
Introduction
213
1
Maternal Health
213
4
Maternal Mortality Rates
213
1
Factors Associated with Maternal Morbidity and Mortality
214
3
Infant Health
217
9
Infant Mortality Rates
217
3
Causes of Infant Mortality
220
6
Child Health
226
6
Childhood Mortality Rates
227
1
Childhood Morbidity Rates
228
4
Pregnancies in Childhood
232
1
Health Insurance and Health Care for Women, Infants, and Children
232
1
Solutions and Programs
232
14
Prevention of Maternal and Infant Morbidity and Mortality
233
6
Prevention of Childhood Morbidity and Mortality
239
7
Chapter Summary
246
3
Chapter 9 Community Health and Minorities
249
48
Scenario
250
1
Introduction
250
3
Data Sources and Their Limitations
253
3
Americans of Hispanic Origin
256
10
Socioeconomic Characteristics
256
1
Vital Statistics
257
7
AIDS/HIV: A Community Health Concern for Americans of Hispanic Origin
264
2
Asian/Pacific Islanders
266
5
Asian/Pacific Islander Culture
267
2
Vital Statistics
267
2
Community Health Problems of Asian/Pacific Islanders
269
2
Black Americans
271
7
Understanding the Past
271
2
Socioeconomic Characteristics Vital Statistics
273
2
Vital Statistics
273
2
Community Health Problems of Black Americans
275
3
Native Americans
278
9
Native American Culture
279
1
Demographic Characteristics of Native Americans
279
1
Vital Statistics
280
2
U.S. Government, Its Relationship to Native Americans, and the Provision for Health Care
282
1
Indian Health Service
283
1
Community Health Problems of Native Americans
284
3
Refugees: The New Immigrants
287
2
Solutions to the Community Health Problems of the Racial/Ethnic Minorities
289
3
Addressing the Poverty Problem
290
1
Providing Universal Access to Health Care Services
290
1
Empowering Self and Community
291
1
Chapter Summary
292
5
Chapter 10 Seniors
297
39
Scenario
298
1
Introduction
298
1
Definitions
298
2
Myths Surrounding Aging
300
2
Demography of Aging
302
15
Size and Growth of the Senior Population
302
4
Factors That Affect Population Size and Age
306
3
Dependency (Support) and Labor-Force Ratios
309
2
Other Demographic Variables of Aging
311
6
Special Needs of Seniors
317
16
Income
318
1
Housing
319
3
Health Care
322
1
Transportation
322
4
Community Facility and Services
326
4
Personal Care
330
3
Chapter Summary
333
3
Chapter 11 Community Mental Health
336
32
Scenario
337
1
Introduction
337
4
Definitions
337
1
Classification of Mental Disorders
338
1
Causes of Mental Disorders
339
2
Mental Illness in America
341
4
Statistical Indicators of Mental Illness
341
1
Social Indicators of Mental Illness
341
1
Stress: A Contemporary Mental Health Problem
341
4
History of Mental Health Care in America
345
11
Mental Health Care Before World War II
345
5
Mental Health Care After World War II
350
6
Mental Health Care in America in the 1990s
356
6
Deinstitutionalization in the 1990s
356
3
Meeting the Needs of the Mentally III
359
3
Future Outlook
362
2
Federal Initiatives for Mental Health Care in the 1990s
363
1
Advocacy for the Mentally III
363
1
Chapter Summary
364
4
Chapter 12 Abuse of Alcohol and Other Drugs
368
37
Scenario
369
1
Introduction
370
3
Scope of the Problem
370
2
Definitions
372
1
Factors That Contribute to Substance Abuse
373
3
Inherited Risk Factors
374
1
Environmental Risk Factors
374
2
Types of Drugs Abused and Resulting Problems
376
11
Legal Drugs
376
6
Illicit (Illegal) Drugs
382
5
Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse
387
14
Levels of Prevention
388
1
Official Agencies and Programs
388
8
Unofficial Agencies and Programs
396
5
Chapter Summary
401
4
UNIT III HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
405
64
Chapter 13 Health Care System: Structure Scenario
406
28
Introduction
407
2
A Brief History of Health Care Delivery in the United States
409
5
The Spectrum of Health Care Delivery
414
4
Preventive Care
414
1
Primary Care
414
2
Secondary Care
416
1
Tertiary Care
416
1
Restorative Care
417
1
Continuing Care
417
1
Types of Health Care Providers
418
10
Independent Providers
420
2
Limited Care Providers
422
1
Nurses
422
4
Allied Health Care Professionals
426
1
Public Health Professionals
427
1
Health Care Facilities
428
3
Practitioner Offices
429
1
Clinics
429
1
Hospitals
429
2
Rehabilitation Centers
431
1
Continuing Care Facilities
431
1
Chapter Summary
431
3
Chapter 14 Health Care System: Function
434
35
Scenario
435
1
Introduction
435
1
Gaining Access to and Paying for Health Care in the United States
435
5
Access to Health Care
435
1
Paying for Health Care
436
4
Third-Party Payment
440
1
Health Insurance
440
5
The Health Insurance Policy?
442
2
Self-Insured Organizations
444
1
The Cost of Health Insurance
444
1
Types of Health Care Coverage
445
1
Health Insurance Provided by the Government
445
2
Medicare
445
2
Medicaid
447
1
Supplemental Health Insurance
447
4
Medigap
447
1
Other Supplemental Insurance
448
2
Long-term Care Insurance
450
1
Alternatives to the Current System
451
14
Existing Alternatives
451
5
Innovative Programs
456
9
Chapter Summary
465
4
UNIT IV ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
469
186
Chapter 15 Environmental Concerns: Wastes and Pollution
470
59
Scenario
471
1
Introduction
471
1
The Environmental System
471
6
Life Support Systems
471
3
Human Activities
474
1
Residues and Wastes
474
1
Environmental Hazards
474
3
Wastes and Pollution
477
1
Solid Waste
477
9
Sources of Solid Waste
479
1
Solid Waste Management
479
7
Hazardous Waste
486
6
Hazardous Waste Defined
487
1
Hazardous Waste Management
488
2
Hazardous Waste Cleanup
490
2
Air Pollution
492
11
Contaminants of Outdoor Air
493
1
The Pollutant Standard Index
494
2
Special Concerns with Outdoor Air
496
5
Protection of Outdoor Air Through Regulation
501
2
Indoor Air
503
5
Water and Its Pollution
508
10
Sources of Water
508
2
Treatment of Water for Domestic Use
510
1
Sources of Water Pollution
511
1
Types of Water Pollutants
512
1
Water-Related Issues
513
2
Strategies to Insure Safe Water
515
3
Radiation
518
5
Sources of Radiation
518
3
The Danger of Radiation
521
1
Policy Related to Nuclear Waste Disposal
522
1
Noise Pollution
523
2
What Is Noise and How Is It Measured?
523
1
Approaches to Noise Abatement
524
1
Chapter Summary
525
4
Chapter 16 The Impact of Environment on Human Health
529
42
Scenario
530
1
Introduction
530
2
Biological Hazards and Human Health
532
7
Water-Borne Diseases
532
1
Food-Borne Diseases
533
4
Vector-Borne Diseases
537
2
Chemical Hazards and Human Health
539
11
Pesticides
540
2
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
542
2
Lead
544
6
Physical Hazards and Human Health
550
5
Ultraviolet Radiation
550
2
Radon Contamination
552
3
Psychological Hazards and Human Health
555
1
Sociological Hazards and Human Health Population Growth
556
7
Site and Location Hazards and Human Health
563
3
Natural Disasters
564
2
Chapter Summary
566
5
Chapter 17 Injuries as a Community Health Problem
571
38
Scenario
572
1
Introduction
572
4
Definitions
572
1
Cost of Injuries to Society
573
3
Unintentional Injuries
576
17
Types of Unintentional Injuries
576
2
Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries
578
9
Prevention Through Epidemiology
587
2
Approaches to the Prevention of Unintentional Injuries
589
4
Intentional Injuries
593
15
Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries
593
3
Violence in Our Society
596
5
Approaches to the Prevention of Intentional Injuries
601
4
A Comprehensive Approach to Prevention of Intentional Injuries
605
3
Chapter Summary
608
1
Chapter 18 Safety and Health in the Workplace
609
46
Scenario
610
1
Introduction
610
2
Scope of the Problem
610
1
Importance of Occupational Safety and Health to the Community
611
1
History of Occupational Safety and Health Problems
612
4
Origins of the Occupational Safety and Health Movement
612
1
Occupational Safety and Health in the United States
612
3
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
615
1
Epidemiology of Occupational Injuries and Diseases
616
14
Injuries in the Workplace
616
7
Controlling Injuries in the Workplace
623
1
Occupational Diseases
624
5
Controlling Occupational Diseases
629
1
Resources for the Prevention of Occupational Injuries and Diseases
630
4
Occupational Safety and Health Professionals
630
2
Occupational Safety and Health Programs
632
2
Chapter Summary
634
5
Community Health on the Web
639
16
Appendix 1 State and Territorial Health Departments
655
3
Appendix 2 Selected List of Voluntary Health Agencies
658
1
Appendix 3 Retrospective Studies: How to Calculate an Odds Ratio
659
1
Appendix 4 Answers to Questions about the Picnic Lunch
660
2
Appendix 5 Operational Definitions for the 1990 Census
662
3
Glossary
665
21
Acknowledgments
686
1
Index
687