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Tables of Contents for Essential Ethnographic Methods
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables and Figures
vii
List of Examples
xi
Introduction
xv
Guiding Principles
1
8
Ethnographic Research Is Guided by and Generates Theory
2
1
Ethnographic Research Is Both Qualitative and Quantitative
3
3
Ethnographic Research Is Conducted Locally
6
1
Ethnographic Research Is Applied
7
2
Building Formative Theoretical Models
9
40
Introducing Theory
9
1
The Ethnographer as Theorist
10
5
Selecting a Paradigm
15
2
Building a Formative or Local Theory
17
6
Generating a Formative Research Model
23
3
Steps in Constructing Models
26
6
The Dependent Domain
32
1
Independent Domains
33
14
Summary
47
2
Operationalization
49
20
Using the Research Model to Clarify Research, Goals, Objectives, and Hypotheses
60
4
Linking Stages in Research Design With Stages in Data Collection
64
4
Summary
68
1
Entering the Field
69
22
Fieldwork and the Field
70
2
The Ethnographer as Self-Reflective Tool of Inquiry
72
4
Establishing Relationships to Facilitate Entry
76
15
Exploratory or Open-Ended Observation
91
30
Participation
92
3
Observation
95
1
What Do Ethnographers Observe?
96
18
Writing Observations: The Language of Fieldnotes
114
6
Summary
120
1
In-Depth, Open-Ended Interviewing
121
28
Who and When to Interview
122
4
Preparing for the Interview
126
7
Beginning an Unstructured Interview
133
2
Structuring Open-Ended Interviews
135
6
Self-Management During Interviewing
141
3
Recording Your Interviews
144
1
Summary
145
4
Semistructured Interviewing
149
16
Reasons for Conducting Semistructured Interviews
149
4
Constructing a Semistructured Interview Schedule
153
4
Analyses of Semistructured Interview Data
157
5
Semistructured Observations
162
2
Summary
164
1
Structured Ethnographic Data Collection: Ethnographic Surveys
165
36
The Role of Structured Data Collection
165
2
Defining Ethnographic Surveys
167
2
Steps in the Construction of the Ethnographic Survey
169
21
Administration of Ethnographic Interviews
190
5
Analysis of Quantitative Data
195
1
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Data
196
1
Summary
197
4
Using Archival and Secondary Data
201
30
Archival and Secondary Data: Definitions and Sources
201
2
Local Archival Data
203
7
Using Local Archival Data
210
4
Local Sources of Secondary Data
214
2
Nonlocal Sources of Secondary Data
216
4
Using Large Secondary Data Sets for Hypothesis Testing and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
220
6
Secondary/Archival Ethnographic Data
226
2
Summary
228
3
Ethnographic Sampling
231
40
Approaches to Selection in Ethnographic Research
235
13
Approaches to Sampling in Ethnographic Research
248
10
Requirements for and Cautions About the Use of Samples
258
11
Summary
269
2
Validity and Reliability in Ethnographic Research
271
20
The Types of Reliability and Validity
274
2
Validity
276
11
Reliability
287
2
Concluding Comments
289
2
Conclusions
291
4
References
295
6
Additional Resources
301
4
Index
305
10
About the Editors, Authors, and Artists
315