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Tables of Contents for Analog and Digital Filter Design
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
13
6
Introduction
19
22
Fundamentals
19
6
Why Use Filters?
19
1
What Are Signals?
19
2
Decibels
21
1
The Transfer Function
21
1
Filter Terminology
22
1
Frequency Response
23
1
Phase Response
24
1
Analog Filters
25
4
The Path to Analog Filter Design
29
2
Digital Filters
31
7
Signal Processing for the Digital World
31
3
The ``Brick Wall'' Filter
34
4
Digital Filter Types
38
1
The Path to Digital Filter Design
39
1
Exercises
39
2
Time and Frequency Response
41
42
Filter Requirements
41
3
The Time Domain
44
2
Analog Filter Normalization
46
1
Normalized Lowpass Responses
47
1
Bessel Response
47
2
Bessel Normalized Lowpass Filter Component Values
49
5
Butterworth Response
54
1
Butterworth Normalized Lowpass Component Values
55
1
Normalized Component Values for RL >> RS or RL << RS
56
1
Normalized Component Values for Source and Load Impedances within a Factor of Ten
57
1
Chebyshev Response
58
5
Normalized Component Values
63
2
Equal Load Normalized Component Value Tables
65
2
Normalized Element Values for Filters with RS = 0 or RS = ∞
67
2
Inverse Chebyshev Response
69
2
Component Values Normalized for 1 Rad/s Stopband
71
4
Normalized 3 dB Cutoff Frequencies and Passive Component Values
75
3
Cauer Response
78
1
Passive Cauer Filters
78
2
Normalized Cauer Component Values
80
1
The Cutoff Frequency
81
1
References
81
1
Exercises
82
1
Poles and Zeroes
83
42
Frequency and Time Domain Relationship
84
1
The S-Plane
84
6
Frequency Response and the S-Plane
85
3
Impulse Response and the S-Plane
88
2
The Laplace Transform-Converting between Time and Frequency Domains
90
1
First-Order Filters
90
4
Pole and Zero Locations
94
28
Butterworth Poles
94
2
Bessel Poles
96
2
Chebyshev Pole Locations
98
11
Inverse Chebyshev Pole and Zero Locations
109
1
Inverse Chebyshev Zero Locations
109
8
Cauer Pole and Zero Locations
117
4
Cauer Pole Zero Plot
121
1
References
122
1
Exercises
122
3
Analog Lowpass Filters
125
22
Passive Filters
125
2
Formulae for Passive Lowpass Filter Denormalization
127
1
Denormalizing Passive Filters with Resonant Elements
128
1
Mains Filter Design
129
3
Active Lowpass Filters
132
1
First-Order Filter Section
132
1
Sallen and Key Lowpass Filter
133
2
Denormalizing Sallen and Key Filter Designs
135
1
State Variable Lowpass Filters
136
1
Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters
137
1
Denormalizing State Variable or Biquad Designs
138
2
Frequency Dependent Negative Resistance (FDNR) Filters
140
4
Denormalization of FDNR Filters
144
2
References
146
1
Exercises
146
1
Highpass Filters
147
26
Passive Filters
147
3
Formulae for Passive Highpass Filter Denormalization
150
2
Highpass Filters with Transmission Zeroes
152
2
Active Highpass Filters
154
2
First-Order Filter Section
156
1
Sallen and Key Highpass Filter
157
1
Using Lowpass Pole to Find Component Values
158
1
Using Highpass Poles to Find Component Values
158
1
Operational Amplifier Requirements
159
1
Denormalizing Sallen and Key or First-Order Designs
159
2
State Variable Highpass Filters
161
1
Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters
162
4
Denormalizing State Variable or Biquad Designs
166
1
Gyrator Filters
167
4
Reference
171
1
Exercises
172
1
Bandpass Filters
173
26
Lowpass to Bandpass Transformation
173
1
Passive Filters
174
4
Formula for Passive Bandpass Filter Denormalization
178
2
Passive Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Bandpass Filters
180
2
Active Bandpass Filters
182
1
Bandpass Poles and Zeroes
182
3
Bandpass Filter Midband Gain
185
2
Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter
187
1
Denormalizing MFBP Active Filter Designs
188
2
Dual Amplifier Bandpass (DABP) Filter
190
1
Denormalizing DABP Active Filter Designs
191
1
State Variable Bandpass Filters
192
1
Denormalization of State Variable Design
193
1
Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters
194
2
Denormalizing Biquad Designs
196
1
Reference
197
1
Exercises
197
2
Bandstop Filters
199
24
Passive Filters
200
4
Formula for Passive Bandstop Filter Denormalization
204
1
Passive Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Bandstop Filters
205
4
Active Bandstop Filters
209
1
Bandstop Poles and Zeroes
209
4
The Twin Tee Bandstop Filter
213
1
Denormalization of Twin Tee Notch Filter
214
1
Bandstop Using Multiple Feedback Bandpass Section
214
2
Denormalization of Bandstop Design Using MFBP Section
216
1
Bandstop Using Dual Amplifier Bandpass (DABP) Section
216
1
Denormalization of Bandstop Design Using DABP Section
217
1
State Variable Bandstop Filters
218
1
Denormalization of Bandstop State Variable Filter Section
219
1
Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters
219
2
Denormalization of Bandstop Biquad Filter Section
221
1
References
221
1
Exercises
221
2
Impedance Matching Networks
223
20
Power Splitters and Diplexer Filters
223
3
Power Splitters and Combiners
226
2
Designing a Diplexer
228
3
Impedance Matching Networks
231
10
Series and Parallel Circuit Relationships
232
1
Matching Using L, T, and PI Networks
233
1
Component Values for L Networks
234
2
Component Values for PI and T Networks
236
1
Bandpass Matching into a Single Reactance Load
237
1
Simple Networks and VSWR
238
1
VSWR of L Matching Network (Type A)
238
1
VSWR of L Matching Network (Type B)
239
1
VSWR of T Matching Networks
240
1
VSWR of PI Matching Networks
240
1
Exercises
241
2
Phase-Shift Networks (All-Pass Filters)
243
42
Phase Equalizing All-Pass Filters
243
4
Introduction to the Problem
243
1
Detailed Analysis
244
2
The Solution: All-Pass Networks
246
1
Passive First-Order Equalizers
247
2
Passive Second-Order Equalizers
249
4
Active First-Order Equalizers
253
1
Active Second-Order Equalizers
254
1
Equalization of Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters
255
1
Group Delay of Butterworth Filters
256
7
Equalization of Chebyshev Filters
263
1
Chebyshev Group Delay
263
10
Quadrature Networks and Single Sideband Generation
273
10
References
283
1
Exercises
284
1
Selecting Components for Analog Filters
285
14
Capacitors
285
4
Inductors
289
2
Resistors
291
1
The Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
292
1
Surface-Mount PCBs
293
1
Assembly and Test
294
1
Operational Amplifiers
295
1
Measurements on Filters
296
1
Reference
297
1
Exercises
297
2
Filter Design Software
299
8
Filter Design Programs
299
1
Supplied Software
299
1
Active_F
300
1
Filter2
301
1
Ellipse
302
1
Diplexer
303
1
Match2A
304
1
References
305
2
Transmission Lines and Printed Circuit Boards as Filters
307
14
Transmission Lines as Filters
308
1
Open-Circuit Line
309
1
Short-Circuit Line
310
1
Use of Misterminated Lines
310
7
Printed Circuits as Filters
317
2
Bandpass Filters
319
1
References
320
1
Exercises
320
1
Filters for Phase-Locked Loops
321
14
Loop Filters
324
2
Higher-Order Loops
326
3
Analog versus Digital Phase-Locked Loop
329
1
Practical Digital Phase-Locked Loop
329
3
Phase Noise
332
1
Capture and Lock Range
332
2
Reference
334
1
Filter Integrated Circuits
335
18
Continuous Time Filters
335
4
Integrated Circuit Filter UAF42
336
1
Integrated Circuit Filter MAX274
337
1
Integrated Circuit Filter MAX275
338
1
Integrated Circuit Filter MAX270/MAX271
339
1
Switched Capacitor Filters
339
2
Switched Capacitor Filter IC LT1066-1
341
3
Microprocessor Programmable ICs MAX260/MAX261/MAX262
342
1
Pin Programmable ICs MAX263/MAX264/MAX267/MAX268
343
1
Other Switched Capacitor Filters
344
1
An Application of Switched Capacitor Filters
344
3
Resistor Value Calculations
347
3
Synthesizer Filtering
350
1
Reference
351
2
Introduction to Digital Filters
353
24
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
353
3
Under-Sampling
354
1
Over-Sampling
355
1
Decimation
355
1
Interpolation
356
1
Digital Filtering
356
1
Digital Lowpass Filters
357
4
Truncation (Applied to FIR Filters)
361
1
Transforming the Lowpass Response
362
2
Bandpass FIR Filter
363
1
Highpass FIR Filter
363
1
Bandstop FIR Filter
363
1
DSP Implementation of an FIR Filter
364
1
Introduction to the Infinite Response Filter
365
1
DSP Mathematics
366
9
Binary and Hexadecimal
367
1
Two's Complement
367
2
Adding Two's Complement Numbers
369
1
Subtracting Two's Complement Numbers
370
1
Multiplication
370
3
Division
373
1
Signal Handling
373
2
So, Why Use a Digital Filter?
375
1
Reference
375
1
Exercises
375
2
Digital FIR Filter Design
377
18
Frequency versus Time-Domain Responses
380
4
Denormalized Lowpass Response Coefficients
380
1
Denormalized Highpass Response Coefficients
381
1
Denormalized Bandpass Response Coefficients
381
1
Denormalized Bandstop Response Coefficients
382
2
Windows
384
9
Fourier Method of FIR Filter Design
384
1
Window Types
385
5
Summary of Fixed FIR Windows
390
1
Number of Taps Needed by Fixed Window Functions
390
2
FIR Filter Design Using the Remez Exchange Algorithm
392
1
Number of Taps Needed by Variable Window Functions
392
1
FIR Filter Coefficient Calculation
393
1
A Data-Sampling Rate-Changer
394
1
References
394
1
IIR Filter Design
395
14
Bilinear Transformation
397
3
Pre-Warping
400
1
Denormalization
400
7
Lowpass Filter Design
401
2
Highpass Frequency Scaling
403
2
Bandpass Frequency Scaling
405
1
Bandstop Frequency Scaling
406
1
IIR Filter Stability
407
1
Reference
408
1
Appendix Design Equations
409
28
Bessel Transfer Function
409
3
Butterworth Filter Attenuation
412
1
Butterworth Transfer Function
412
1
Butterworth Phase
413
1
Nonstandard Butterworth Passband
414
1
Normalized Component Values for Butterworth Filter with RL >> RS or RL << RS
415
1
Normalized Component Values for Butterworth Filter: Source and Load Impedances within a Factor of Ten
415
1
Chebyshev Filter Response
416
1
Equations to Find Chebyshev Element Values
417
4
Chebyshev with Zero or Infinite Impedance Load
417
1
Chebyshev Filter with Source and Load Impedances within a Factor of Ten
418
1
Load Impedance for Even-Order Chebyshev Filters
419
1
Inverse Chebyshev Filter Equations
419
2
Elliptic or Cauer Filter Equations
421
1
Noise Bandwidth
422
4
Butterworth Noise Bandwidth
423
1
Chebyshev Noise Bandwidth
424
2
Pole and Zero Location Equations
426
9
Butterworth Pole Locations
426
1
Chebyshev Pole Locations
427
2
Inverse Chebyshev Pole and Zero Locations
429
2
Inverse Chebyshev Zeroes
431
1
Cauer Pole and Zero Locations
432
2
Scaling Pole and Zero Locations
434
1
Digital Filter Equations
435
1
Finding FIR Filter Zero Coefficient Using L'Hopital's Rule
435
1
Appendix References
436
1
Bibliography
437
2
Answers
439
8
Index
447