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Tables of Contents for Tourism and Recreation Handbook of Planning and Design
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
ix
2
Preface
xi
1 Background to Planning
1
16
1.1 Interface of recreation and tourism
1
2
1.1.1 Leisure and recreation (definitions)
1
1
1.1.2 Visitors and tourists (definitions)
1
1
1.1.3 Uncertain boundaries
2
1
1.1.4 Demand for tourism and recreation
2
1
1.1.5 Tourism and recreation: similarities and differences
3
1
1.2 Complexity of the tourism/recreation system
3
2
1.2.1 Interface within the overall socio-economic policies
4
1
1.2.2 Interface of international tourism, domestic tourism and recreation
4
1
1.2.3 Interface with competing destinations
4
1
1.2.4 Interface and roles within the tourism/recreation sector
4
1
1.3 Planning with tourism products
5
2
1.3.1 Tourism products
5
1
1.3.2 Planning with products
6
1
1.4 Development versus conservation
7
7
1.4.1 Environmental impacts from tourism
7
2
1.4.2 Environmental impacts from recreation
9
1
1.4.3 Sustainable development
9
3
1.4.4 Alternative forms of tourism
12
1
1.4.5 Carrying capacities
12
1
1.4.6 Limits of acceptable charges
13
1
1.4.7 Environmental impact assessment
13
1
1.4.8 Environmental auditing and quality control
14
1
1.4.9 Pressures on resources: alternative policies
14
1
1.5 Evaluation of development proposals
14
3
1.5.1 Feasibility analysis
15
1
1.5.2 Cost benefit analysis
15
1
1.5.3 Planning balance sheet
16
1
1.5.4 Goals achievement matrix
16
1
2 Basic standards for accommodation, catering and shopping
17
20
2.1 Influences on planning
17
6
2.1.1 Types of facilities
17
1
2.1.2 Main types of accommodation
18
1
2.1.3 Feasibility of hotel accommodation
19
1
2.1.4 Effects of investment on hotel planning
19
2
2.1.5 Balance of hotel and private accommodation
21
1
2.1.6 Impact of accommodation mix on resort development
21
1
2.1.7 New objectives in planning
21
2
2.2 Hotels
23
3
2.2.1 Types of hotels
23
1
2.2.2 Planning standards: built areas
23
2
2.2.3 Variations in rooms sizes
25
1
2.2.4 Circulation planning
25
1
2.2.5 Planning of public areas
25
1
2.2.6 Back-of-house areas
26
1
2.3 Other forms of accommodation
26
5
2.3.1 Apartments, bungalows, villas, condominiums
26
1
2.3.2 Site planning
27
1
2.3.3 Standards in winter resorts
28
1
2.3.4 Standards in seaside and countryside resorts
28
1
2.3.5 Standards for commercial holiday villages
28
1
2.3.6 Standards for social tourism villages
28
3
2.3.7 Youth hostels
31
1
2.4 Camping and caravanning
31
3
2.4.1 Camping sites, caravan sites
31
2
2.4.2 Categories of camps
33
1
2.4.3 Densities and sizes of camps
33
1
2.4.4 Facilities: minimum standards for 100 persons (25 units)
34
1
2.5 Food services and shopping
34
3
2.5.1 Food service provisions
34
1
2.5.2 Shops and related services
35
1
2.5.3 Standards for shopping and related services
35
2
3 Support services and technical infrastructures
37
9
3.1 Administration, technical and support services
37
2
3.1.1 Employees and resident non-tourist populations
37
1
3.1.2 Direct employment
37
1
3.1.3 Indirect and induced employment
37
1
3.1.4 Size of non-tourist populations in resorts
38
1
3.1.5 Housing of non-tourist population
38
1
3.1.6 Administrative, technical and other ancillary services
38
1
3.2 Infrastructure provision, roads and parking areas
39
2
3.2.1 Access for traffic
39
1
3.2.2 Planning data for roads
40
1
3.2.3 Parking areas
40
1
3.2.4 External lighting, street furniture and utilities
40
1
3.3 Sanitation and engineering services
41
5
3.3.1 Water supply
41
1
3.3.2 Sewerage, sewage treatment and standards
41
2
3.3.3 Outfall and irrigation systems: phased extension
43
1
3.3.4 Refuse disposal
43
1
3.3.5 Electricity supplies
43
1
3.3.6 Communication systems
44
1
3.3.7 Heating and air conditioning systems
44
1
3.3.8 Coordination of underground utilities
44
2
4 Basic standards for recreation, cultural and sport facilities
46
17
4.1 Indoor social and cultural activities
46
2
4.1.1 Facilities
46
1
4.1.2 Standard facilities in integrated resorts
46
2
4.2 Land-based sports facilities
48
5
4.2.1 Important factors
48
1
4.2.2 Sports grounds
48
1
4.2.3 Built sports halls
48
3
4.2.4 Horse riding
51
1
4.2.5 Golf courses
51
2
4.2.6 Standards for sports facilities in holiday resorts
53
1
4.3 Land-based recreation facilities
53
4
4.3.1 Picnicking
53
1
4.3.2 Parks, rest and playing fields
54
1
4.3.3 Walking and hiking trails
55
1
4.3.4 Other types of trails
55
2
4.3.5 Allotment gardens
57
1
4.4 Water-based facilities
57
4
4.4.1 Natural bathing places
57
1
4.4.2 Swimming pools
58
1
4.4.3 Sailing and boating
59
1
4.4.4 Other water-based activities
60
1
4.5 Densities, land requirements and costs
61
2
4.5.1 Densities
61
1
4.5.2 Land requirements
61
1
4.5.3 Cost requirements
62
1
5 Programmes for resorts and recreation complexes
63
66
5.1 Main categories of tourist resorts and recreation complexes
64
2
5.1.1 Main categories
64
1
5.1.2 Average specific densities
64
2
5.1.3 Average overall densities
66
1
5.2 Beach resorts and marinas
66
11
5.2.1 Beach development
71
1
5.2.2 Public beach facilities
72
1
5.2.3 Beach in an integrated resort
73
1
5.2.4 Facilities for yachting: types of havens
73
1
5.2.5 Basic facilities for harbours
74
1
5.2.6 Planning standards for medium-sized pleasure harbours
74
1
5.2.7 Yachting centres or 'dry harbours'
74
3
5.3 Mountain resorts
77
8
5.3.1 Categories of skiers
77
4
5.3.2 Ski trails characteristics
81
2
5.3.3 Cable transporters
83
1
5.3.4 Other mountain resort facilities
84
1
5.3.5 Principles in planning a ski resort
84
1
5.4 Resorts in the countryside
85
10
5.4.1 Second residences
85
3
5.4.2 Social holiday villages
88
1
5.4.3 Country resorts for rent
89
1
5.4.4 Holiday parks
89
6
5.5 Spas and health resorts
95
1
5.5.1 Markets and resources
95
1
5.5.2 Spas facilities
95
1
5.5.3 Non-specific facilities
95
1
5.5.4 Planning spa resorts
96
1
5.5.5 Thalassotherapy and health centres
96
1
5.6 Fun, safari and aquatic parks
96
8
5.6.1 Categories
96
1
5.6.2 Attraction and theme parks
96
2
5.6.3 Safari parks
98
3
5.6.4 Aquatic parks
101
3
5.7 Suburban relaxation parks
104
13
5.7.1 Favourable sites
104
3
5.7.2 Specific facilities
107
1
5.7.3 Average densities
107
1
5.7.4 Suburban relaxation and leisure parks
108
1
5.7.5 Suburban relaxation and sports parks
108
1
5.7.6 Suburban relaxation and nature parks
109
8
5.8 Nature parks
117
12
5.8.1 National parks
117
6
5.8.2 Regional parks
123
3
5.8.3 Forests and recreation
126
1
5.8.4 Protected natural areas
126
3
6 Planning tourist resorts and recreation complexes
129
29
6.1 Tourist resorts
129
3
6.1.1 Tourist resorts and tourist towns
129
2
6.1.2 Traditional resorts
131
1
6.1.3 Post-war developments: uncontrolled urbanization
131
1
6.2 New resort development
132
1
6.2.1 Integrated resorts
132
1
6.2.2 Developers
132
1
6.2.3 Failures and criticisms
132
1
6.2.4 Operation of resorts
133
1
6.3 Recreation and leisure complexes
133
2
6.3.1 Attraction, theme and aquatic parks
133
2
6.3.2 Recreation and nature parks
135
1
6.4 Principles of development (tourist resort or recreation complex)
135
11
6.4.1 Objectives, ways and means
135
6
6.4.2 Environmental integration
141
1
6.4.3 Contact with nature
141
1
6.4.4 Increasing value of the resources
141
1
6.4.5 Grouping of activities
142
1
6.4.6 Landscaping
143
1
6.4.7 Distribution of buildings and focuses of interest
143
1
6.4.8 Separation of traffic
143
1
6.4.9 Quality of construction
143
3
6.5 Phasing and extension
146
6
6.5.1 Phasing development
146
1
6.5.2 Phases of development
147
1
6.5.3 Changes in requirements
147
1
6.5.4 Rehabilitating existing resorts
148
4
6.6 Planning procedures
152
6
6.6.1 Framework
152
1
6.6.2 Broad concept
152
2
6.6.3 Draft project
154
2
6.6.4 Final project
156
1
6.6.5 Phase One and operational projects
157
1
7 Framework for tourism/recreation master plans
158
19
7.1 Interrelation of tourism and recreation
158
2
7.1.1 Aims in planning tourism/recreation development
158
1
7.1.2 Differences in planning for tourism and recreation
158
2
7.2 Fundamental planning consideration
160
8
7.2.1 Definitions
160
1
7.2.2 Governmental structures and policies
160
1
7.2.3 Processes
160
3
7.2.4 Scales and levels of planning
163
1
7.2.5 Environmental protection and tourism image
163
2
7.2.6 Conflicts of interests
165
2
7.2.7 Planning for tourism and recreation at local administration level
167
1
7.3 Approaches to tourism/recreation planning
168
8
7.3.1 Priorities
169
1
7.3.2 Extent of studies
169
1
7.3.3 Timescales for implementation
169
1
7.3.4 Demand analyses
170
1
7.3.5 Planning models and simulation techniques
170
3
7.3.6 Comprehensive planning: approaches by alternative plans
173
1
7.3.7 Comprehensive planning: the PASOLP approach
173
1
7.3.8 Monitoring system
173
2
7.3.9 Flexibility in planning
175
1
7.4 Preliminaries for a master plan
176
1
7.4.1 Terms of references
176
1
7.4.2 Planning objectives
176
1
7.4.3 Organizational framework
176
1
8 Tourism/recreation master plans: surveys and formulation
177
42
8.1 Resources surveys
177
11
8.1.1 Principles in surveying resources
177
1
8.1.2 Methodology and stages
177
1
8.1.3 Existing features and activities of potential tourist interest
178
6
8.1.4 Recreational attractions
184
3
8.1.5 Facilities and infrastructures
187
1
8.2 Market assessment
188
3
8.2.1 Outdoor recreation activities
188
1
8.2.2 Specific aspects of the outdoor recreation markets
189
1
8.2.3 Specific aspects of the tourist markets
190
1
8.3 Assessment of structures and policies
191
2
8.3.1 Socio-economic surveys
192
1
8.3.2 Survey of implementation framework
192
1
8.3.3 Survey of existing development plans
192
1
8.3.4 Development goals and policies
193
1
8.3.5 Sources of data
193
1
8.4 Formulation of tourism development plans
193
10
8.4.1 Additional facilities needed
194
4
8.4.2 Means of access
198
1
8.4.3 Resources: hierarchy of development
199
1
8.4.4 Priority areas for tourism and recreation development
199
1
8.4.5 Main tourist resorts
199
1
8.4.6 Towns and urban centres
200
2
8.4.7 Road networks and circuits
202
1
8.4.8 Isolated facilities
203
1
8.5 Formulation of regional recreation plans
203
16
8.5.1 The struggle for sites
203
4
8.5.2 Extent, methodology and content of a master plan for recreation
207
1
8.5.3 Outdoor recreation areas in the city
208
1
8.5.4 The green belt
209
1
8.5.5 The rural area
209
1
8.5.6 The greenways
209
10
9 Tourism/recreation master plans: implementation, protection of resources and outdoor recreation in the cities
219
45
9.1 Strategy for implementation
219
7
9.1.1 Involvement of other economic sectors
219
1
9.1.2 The need for a coordinated strategy
220
1
9.1.3 Adapting financing techniques
221
1
9.1.4 Implementing and controlling facilities
222
1
9.1.5 Training tourism manpower
222
1
9.1.6 Transportation
223
1
9.1.7 Organizing and promoting tourism and recreation products
224
1
9.1.8 Land control for tourism and recreation development
225
1
9.2 Protection of resources
226
6
9.2.1 Nature parks
226
1
9.2.2 'Sensitive areas' of environmental control
226
3
9.2.3 Planning nature parks and sensitive areas
229
1
9.2.4 Protection of roads
230
1
9.2.5 Tourists and historic monuments
230
1
9.2.6 Isolated monuments
231
1
9.2.7 Monument ensembles
231
1
9.2.8 Towns and centres of culture
232
1
9.3 Planning outdoor recreation in the cities
232
32
9.3.1 Principles
234
8
9.3.2 Urban parks standards
242
2
9.3.3 Park planning principles
244
1
9.3.4 Creation of new urban parks
245
6
9.3.5 'Eco parks'
251
1
9.3.6 Lakesides or seasides and stream banks
251
1
9.3.7 Pedestrian squares, areas and networks
251
6
9.3.8 Neighbourhood recreation areas
257
1
9.3.9 Planning outdoor recreation areas
257
7
Appendices: Useful data for planning development
264
13
Appendix A1: Markets for tourism and recreation-influences on demand and trends
264
4
A1.1 Measurement of recreation demand
264
1
A1.2 Market segmentation
264
1
A1.3 Influences on demand for recreation and tourism
265
1
A1.4 Tourism measurement
266
1
A1.5 International tourism
266
1
A1.6 Global projections to 2010
267
1
A1.7 Domestic tourism
268
1
Appendix A2: Investment in tourism and recreation-methods and sources
268
3
A2.1 Characteristics of tourism investment
268
1
A2.2 Revenue earning potential
268
1
A2.3 Accommodation
268
1
A2.4 Other facilities
269
1
A2.5 Public sector participation
269
1
A2.6 Forms of financial aid
269
1
A2.7 Main sources of capital finance
270
1
Appendix A3: Impacts from tourism and recreation-socio-economic data
271
2
A3.1 Collection of economic data
271
1
A3.2 Evaluation of costs
271
1
A3.3 National or regional income and tourism
271
1
A3.4 Employment
272
1
A3.5 State revenues and regional benefits
272
1
A3.6 Negative and unquantifiable impacts
272
1
Appendix A4: Tourism transportation--recent developments and trends
273
4
A4.1 Developments in transportation
273
1
A4.2 Development in air transport
273
1
A4.3 Aircraft developments
274
1
A4.4 Airport development
274
1
A4.5 Road transport
275
1
A4.6 Rail transport
275
1
A4.7 Sea transport
275
1
A4.8 Cruising
275
2
Select bibliography
277
4
Index
281