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Tables of Contents for Parties and Elections in America
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables and Figures
xvii
Preface to Post-Election Update
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxix
Credits
xxxii
Elections and Political Parties
1
28
An Examination of Elections in the United States
4
6
The Role of Elections in Democratic Theory
10
3
Modes of Elections
10
1
Direct Elections
10
1
Indirect Elections
11
1
Implications for Representation
11
1
Representatives' Perspectives
11
1
The Public's Perspective and the Role of Parties in Representation
11
2
Definitions of ``Political Party'' and ``Party Systems''
13
9
Politicians View the Party System
22
7
Websites
27
1
Key Concepts
27
1
Discussion Questions
27
2
The Development of American Political Parties
29
36
From Faction to Party
31
2
The First American Parties
33
6
Funding and Assumption
33
1
Continuing New Divisions
34
1
Organizing to Gain Supporters
35
1
The Elections of 1796 and 1800
36
1
Contributions of the First Party System
37
1
The Collapse of the First Party System
38
1
The Second Party System
39
3
The Election of 1824 and Its Aftermath
39
1
Electoral Phases in the Second Party Period
40
1
Innovations of the Second Party Period
41
1
The Collapse of the Second Party System
42
4
Third Party System: Industrialization over Politics
46
2
The Critical Election of 1896 and Republican Domination
48
4
The Critical Election of 1896
48
1
The Classification of Presidential Elections
49
2
The Progressive Era: A Systemic Change
51
1
The New Deal Coalition
52
8
Defining the New Deal Coalition
53
1
Changing Campaign Technology
54
2
The Shape of the Party System at the Century's End
56
4
Politicians View Political History
60
5
Websites
62
1
Key Concepts
63
1
Discussion Questions
63
2
Party Organization
65
26
The Organizational Framework
66
2
Local and County Organizations
68
4
State Party Organizations
72
8
The Age of Strong State Party Organizations
72
2
The Structure of State Committees
74
1
The Role of the State Party Chair
75
2
The Ascendancy of the State Party Headquarters
77
3
Party Organization at the National Level
80
7
The Structure of National Party Organizations
80
1
The National Committees
80
3
The ``Hill Committees''
83
1
The Enhanced Role of the National Party Organizations
83
4
Politicians View Party Organization
87
4
Websites
89
1
Key Concepts
89
1
Discussion Questions
89
2
Political Participation
91
34
Who Votes; Who Doesn't
93
22
Expansion of the Franchise
93
1
Property Requirements
94
1
Black Suffrage
94
2
Women's Suffrage
96
3
Lowering the Voting Age
99
1
Additional Regulations: Residency and Registration
100
2
Decline in Voter Participation
102
3
Voting by Blacks
105
1
Voting by Young Voters
106
1
Voting by Women
107
1
What Distinguishes Voters from Nonvoters?
108
5
Voters and Nonvoters Revisited
113
2
Participation in Politics in America
115
4
Politicians View Political Participants
119
6
Websites
122
1
Key Concepts
122
1
Discussion Questions
122
3
Theories of Voting Behavior
125
32
Voters in Presidential Elections
126
14
Models of Voting Behavior: The American Voter
126
3
Critics of The American Voter Model
129
1
Criticism
130
4
V. O. Key Jr.
Criticism from Successors in the Michigan School
134
5
Presidential Voting Reviewed
139
1
Voters in Congressional and Senatorial Elections
140
6
Voting Behavior Theory Revisited
146
4
Politicians View Political Behavior Theory
150
7
Websites
153
1
Key Concepts
154
1
Discussion Questions
154
3
Organized Groups in the Political Process
157
30
Organized Groups in American Politics
160
6
Political and Nonpolitical Associations
160
2
Politically Active Groups
162
1
Economic or Noneconomic Interests
162
2
Multipurpose or Single-Purpose Groups
164
1
Federal or National Groups
165
1
Electoral Activities of Organized Groups
166
12
Working within the Party
167
2
Group Ratings
169
3
Political Action Committees
172
6
Interest Groups' Influence on Their Members
178
3
Politicians View Interest Groups
181
6
Websites
184
1
Key Concepts
184
1
Discussion Questions
184
3
State and Local Nominations
187
32
Political Context and Politicians' Decisions to Run
189
2
Common Views of the Nominating Process
191
1
Development of the Direct Primary System
192
2
Primaries as a Response to One-Party Domination
193
1
Primaries as an Item on the Progressive Agenda
193
1
Varieties of Primaries
194
16
Who May Run
195
1
Party Membership and Petition Requirements
195
1
The Role of Parties
196
2
Louisiana: An Exception
198
1
Cross-Filing: Another Exception to Party Allegiance
198
1
Who May Vote
199
1
Closed, Open, and Blanket Primaries
199
2
Theoretical Arguments Regarding Primary Voter Eligibility
201
1
Pragmatic Considerations Regarding Primary Voter Eligibility
202
1
Strategic Consequences of Different Primary Rules
202
1
Crossover Voting
203
1
Who Wins
204
1
Plurality Rule
204
1
Variations from Plurality Rule: Runoff Primaries
205
5
The Politics of Nominations
210
4
Uncontested Nominations
210
1
Contested Nominations
211
1
Incumbent Advantage
211
1
Contests without Incumbents
212
2
Politicians View the Nominating Process
214
5
Websites
216
1
Key Concepts
216
1
Discussion Questions
217
2
State and Local Elections
219
46
The Conventional Wisdom: Old versus New Politics
221
1
The New Politics: Campaigning in a Media Age
222
19
The Role of Political Parties
224
3
The Role of Organized Groups
227
1
Media Politics
228
3
The Candidate's Organization
231
2
The Structure of a Modern Campaign
233
1
Public Opinion Polling
234
1
Media Consultants
235
1
Fund-Raisers
236
1
Scheduling and Advance Work
237
1
Press Relations
238
1
Liaison to Party Organization and Organized Groups
239
1
Field Organizations
240
1
Old-Style Politics: A More Prominent Role for Parties
241
3
Reexamination of the Role of Political Parties
243
1
Local Campaigns in the Absence of Party
244
1
Do Campaigns Determine Who Win Elections?
244
8
Lack of Competition in American Elections
245
1
Incumbent Advantage in U.S. House and State Legislative Races
245
2
Competition in U.S. Senate and Gubernatorial Races
247
1
Credible Competition in American Elections
248
4
Third Parties in State and Local Elections
252
4
Politicians View the General Election
256
9
Websites
262
1
Key Concepts
262
1
Discussion Questions
262
3
Presidential Nominations
265
58
The Post-1968 Reforms
266
14
The McGovern-Fraser Commission
267
2
The 1972 Nomination
269
2
Continuing Reform of the Process
271
1
The Mikulski Commission
271
1
The 1976 Nomination: Strategies under the New Rules
271
1
The Winograd Commission
272
2
The 1980 Nomination and the Hunt Commission
274
2
The Fairness Commission and the 1988 Nominating Process
276
2
The Reform Movement: An Assessment
278
2
Nominations under the Current System: 1992 and 1996
280
7
The 1992 Nominations
280
2
The 1996 Nominations
282
2
The 2000 Nominations
284
3
Strategic Considerations in the Contests for Nominations
287
21
The Political Calendar
287
1
Front-loading the System
288
1
Super Tuesday
289
1
Filing Deadlines
289
1
Strategic Implications of the Political Calendar
290
1
The Rules of the Game
290
1
Proportional Representation versus Winner-Take-All Systems
291
1
Superdelegates versus Influential Party Leaders
292
1
Strategic Use of Campaign Resources
293
1
Office
294
4
Money
298
3
The Media
301
6
Evaluating Nominating Campaigns
307
1
The Conventions
308
10
Credentials Challenges
309
1
Rules Disputes
310
2
Party Platforms
312
2
Vice Presidential Nominations
314
3
An Evaluation of the Conventions
317
1
Politicians View the Nominating Process
318
5
Websites
319
1
Key Concepts
320
1
Discussion Questions
320
3
Presidential Elections
323
56
From the Convention to the General Election
324
2
Organizing for the General Election
326
20
Structuring the Campaign Organization
326
1
The Campaign Headquarters
326
1
The National Committee
327
3
The Mobile Headquarters
330
1
Division and Integration of Authority and Responsibility
330
2
Functions of a Presidential Campaign Organization
332
1
Grassroots Politics
332
2
Staffing the Candidate's Plane
334
1
Staffing the Campaign Headquarters
335
5
Directing the Campaign Organization
340
1
The Inner Core
340
3
Expanding the Core
343
1
Co-opting the Losers
344
2
Setting a Campaign Strategy
346
1
Strategies for the General Election
346
15
Geographic Determinations
347
4
Coalition Strategies
351
2
Issue Strategies
353
1
Campaign Themes
353
2
Character as a Campaign Issue
355
2
The Issues Raised during a Campaign
357
1
The Strategic Use of Incumbency
358
3
Tactics for the General Election
361
6
Tactical Considerations of Where to Go
361
1
Tactical Considerations of Media Use
362
1
Tactical Considerations of Which Issues to Discuss
363
1
The Tactics of Presidential Debates
364
3
Third-Party Candidates in Presidential Elections
367
6
Politicians View the Campaigns
373
6
Websites
376
1
Key Concepts
376
1
Discussion Questions
377
2
Campaign Finance
379
44
The Climate for Reform
383
1
Campaign Finance Reforms of the 1970s
384
5
Historical Background
384
1
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971
385
1
The 1974 Amendments to the FECA
386
1
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)
386
1
The 1976 FECA Amendments
387
1
Current Status of Key Issues
388
1
The Costs of Democracy
389
5
Federal Elections
389
4
State and Local Elections
393
1
Sources of Campaign Funds
394
24
Sources of Campaign Contributions
394
6
Individual Contributions
400
4
Political Action Committees
404
2
The Influence of PACs on Electoral Outcomes
406
2
The Influence of PACs on Legislative Outcomes
408
1
The Ideological Imbalance of Present and Future PACs
409
1
The Lack of Accountability for PAC Decision Making
410
2
PAC Influence: A Summary
412
1
Political Parties
413
1
Soft Money: The Newest Loophole to Be Closed
414
1
The Debate over Public Financing
415
3
Politicians View Campaign Financing
418
5
Websites
421
1
Key Concepts
421
1
Discussion Questions
422
1
The Media and the Electoral Process
423
28
The Media in the Contemporary Context
424
2
Free Media: Journalists' Presentations of Candidates and Campaigns
426
14
The Varieties of Free Media
426
3
The Role of the Free Media
429
1
Informed Consent of the Governed
429
1
Window on the Candidates
430
1
Referee between Candidates
431
1
The Actual Role That the Media Play
431
1
The Great Mentioner
432
1
Image Creator
432
1
Expectation Setter
433
1
Issue Identifier
434
1
Field Narrower
434
1
Campaign Critic
435
1
Documentor of Elections
435
2
Purveyor of Results
437
1
An Assessment of the Role of Free Media
438
1
Why Do the Media Play the Roles They Do?
438
1
How Should We Evaluate That Role?
439
1
Paid Media: The Candidate Provides the Message
440
8
Types of Paid Media
440
2
Controversies Caused by the Use of Paid Media
442
1
Negative Advertising
443
2
Issue Advocacy Advertisements
445
1
Impact of Paid Media on Election Campaigns
446
1
Intended Consequences of Paid Media Campaigns
446
1
Unintended Consequences of Paid Media Campaigns
447
1
Politicians View the Media
448
3
Websites
449
1
Key Concepts
449
1
Discussion Questions
450
1
The Party in Government
451
38
The Concept of Party in Government
453
3
Party as the Organizing Element of the U.S. Congress
456
20
Organization of the House of Representatives
457
1
Republican Organization under Gingrich
457
8
The Democrats in the Minority
465
5
Party Leadership in the Senate
470
1
The Senate Republicans
471
1
The Senate Democrats
472
3
The Muted Role of Party Leaders
475
1
The Impact of Party on Congressional Behavior
476
4
The President as a Leader of Party in Government
480
5
The President as Leader of His Party in Congress
480
1
The Presidential Role in Setting the Parties' Agendas
480
2
Presidential Means of Working with Congress
482
1
The President as Party Leader in Congress: A Summary
483
1
The Role of Party in the President's Administration
484
1
Politicians View the Party in Government
485
4
Websites
486
1
Key Concepts
487
1
Discussion Questions
487
2
Conclusions: The Role of Political Parties at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century
489
18
The Role of Elections
490
9
The Context of Federalism
490
1
Presidential Elections
491
1
Congressional Elections
492
2
State and Local Elections
494
1
Nonpartisan Politics
494
1
Voters and Elections
495
1
Television as a Source of Political Information
496
1
Television as a Source for Information about State and Local Issues
497
1
An Evaluation of the Electoral Process as a Means of Choosing Those Who Govern
498
1
The Role of Political Parties
499
6
The Parties in the Modern Election
499
2
Parties' Appeal to the Electorate
501
3
The Tone of Twenty-First-Century Politics
504
1
Concluding Remarks
505
2
Notes
507
20
References
527
44
Index
571
20
About the Author
591