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Tables of Contents for The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction to the Human Body
3
21
Anatomy and Physiology
4
1
Levels of Organization
4
2
Organ Systems
6
4
Life Processes
10
1
Homeostasis
11
2
Negative and Positive Feedback
11
2
Anatomical Terms
13
8
Anatomical Position
13
1
Directions in the Body
13
1
Planes and Sections of the Body
14
1
Body Cavities
15
1
Regions of the Body
16
5
Chemistry, Matter, and Life
21
22
Elements
21
1
Structure of Atoms
22
1
Chemical Bonds
23
3
Ionic Bonds
23
1
Covalent Bonds
24
2
Hydrogen Bonds
26
1
Compounds and Molecules
26
1
Nature of Compounds
26
1
Formulas
27
1
Chemical Reactions
27
3
Chemical Equations
28
1
Types of Chemical Reactions
28
1
Reaction Rates
29
1
Reversible Reactions
30
1
Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions
30
1
Mixtures
30
1
Solutions
30
1
Suspensions
30
1
Electrolytes, Acids, Bases, and Buffers
31
2
Electrolytes
31
1
Acids
31
1
Bases
32
1
The pH Scale
32
1
Neutralization Reactions
32
1
Buffers
33
1
Organic Compounds
33
4
Carbohydrates
34
1
Proteins
34
1
Lipids
35
2
Nucleic Acids
37
2
Adenosine Triphosphate
39
4
Cell Structure and Function
43
22
Structure of the Generalized Cell
44
5
Cell Membrane
44
2
Cytoplasm
46
1
Nucleus
46
1
Cytoplasmic Organelles
47
1
Filamentous Protein Organelles
48
1
Cell Functions
49
16
Movement of Substances Across the Cell Membrane
50
4
Cell Division
54
1
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
55
10
Tissues and Membranes
65
18
Body Tissues
66
10
Epithelial Tissue
66
5
Connective Tissue
71
3
Muscle Tissue
74
1
Nervous Tissue
75
1
Body Membranes
76
7
Mucous Membranes
76
1
Serous Membranes
76
1
Synovial Membranes
77
1
Meninges
77
6
Integumentary System
83
12
Structure of the Skin
84
3
Epidermis
84
2
Dermis
86
1
Subcutaneous Layer
86
1
Skin Color
87
1
Epidermal Derivatives
87
2
Hair and Hair Follicles
87
1
Nails
88
1
Glands
88
1
Functions of the Skin
89
6
Protection
89
1
Sensory Reception
90
1
Regulation of Body Temperature
90
1
Synthesis of Vitamin D
90
5
Skeletal System
95
30
Overview of the Skeletal System
96
6
Functions of the Skeletal System
96
1
Structure of Bone Tissue
96
1
Classification of Bones
97
1
General Features of a Long Bone
98
1
Bone Development and Growth
98
3
Divisions of the Skeleton
101
1
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
102
9
Skull
102
5
Hyoid Bone
107
1
Vertebral Column
107
3
Thoracic Cage
110
1
Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
111
7
Pectoral Girdle
111
1
Upper Extremity
112
1
Arm
112
1
Forearm
113
1
Pelvic Girdle
114
2
Lower Extremity
116
2
Articulations
118
7
Synarthroses
118
1
Amphiarthroses
119
1
Diarthroses
119
6
Muscular System
125
30
Characteristics and Functions of the Muscular System
126
1
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
126
2
Whole Skeletal Muscle
126
1
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
127
1
Skeletal Muscle Fibers
127
1
Nerve and Blood Supply
128
1
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
128
8
Stimulus for Contraction
128
1
Sarcomere Contraction
129
1
Contraction of a Whole Muscle
130
2
Energy Sources and Oxygen Debt
132
4
Movements
136
1
Skeletal Muscle Groups
136
19
Naming Muscles
136
4
Muscles of the Head and Neck
140
1
Muscles of the Trunk
141
4
Muscles of the Upper Extremity
145
2
Muscles of the Lower Extremity
147
8
Nervous System
155
30
Functions of the Nervous System
156
1
Organization of the Nervous System
156
2
Nerve Tissue
158
2
Neurons
158
1
Neuroglia
159
1
Nerve Impulses
160
6
Resting Membrane
160
1
Stimulation of a Neuron
160
2
Conduction Along a Neuron
162
1
Conduction Across a Synapse
163
2
Reflex Arcs
165
1
Central Nervous System
166
8
Meninges
166
1
Brain
166
5
Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
171
1
Spinal Cord
172
2
Peripheral Nervous System
174
11
Structure of a Nerve
174
1
Cranial Nerves
175
1
Spinal Nerves
176
2
Autonomic Nervous System
178
7
Sensory System
185
20
Receptors and Sensations
186
1
General Senses
186
2
Touch and Pressure
187
1
Proprioception
187
1
Temperature
187
1
Pain
188
1
Gustatory Sense
188
1
Olfactory Sense
189
1
Visual Sense
190
5
Protective Features and Accessory Structures of the Eye
190
2
Structure of the Eyeball
192
1
Pathway of Light and Refraction
193
1
Photoreceptors
194
1
Visual Pathway
195
1
Auditory Sense
195
4
Structure of the Ear
196
2
Physiology of Hearing
198
1
Sense of Equilibrium
199
6
Static Equilibrium
199
1
Dynamic Equilibrium
200
5
Endocrine System
205
22
Introduction to the Endocrine System
206
1
Comparison of the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
206
1
Comparison of the Exocrine and Endocrine Glands
206
1
Characteristics of Hormones
206
1
Chemical Nature of Hormones
206
1
Mechanism of Hormone Action
206
1
Control of Hormone Action
207
1
Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
207
15
Pituitary Gland
207
5
Thyroid Gland
212
2
Parathyroid Glands
214
1
Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
214
5
Pancreas---Islets of Langerhans
219
1
Gonads (Tests and Ovaries)
219
2
Pineal Gland
221
1
Other Endocrine Glands
221
1
Prostaglandins
222
5
Blood
227
18
Functions and Characteristics of the Blood
228
1
Composition of the Blood
228
7
Plasma
229
1
Formed Elements
230
5
Hemostasis
235
2
Vascular Constriction
235
1
Platelet Plug Formation
235
1
Coagulation
235
2
Blood Typing and Transfusions
237
8
Agglutinogens and Agglutinins
237
1
ABO Blood Groups
237
2
RH Blood Groups
239
6
Heart
245
16
Overview of the Heart
246
1
Form, Size, and Location of the Heart
246
1
Coverings of the Heart
247
1
Structure of the Heart
247
4
Layers of the Heart Wall
247
1
Chambers of the Heart
247
2
Valves of the Heart
249
1
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
250
1
Blood Supply to the Myocardium
251
1
Physiology of the Heart
251
10
Conduction System
252
1
Cardiac Cycle
253
1
Heart Sounds
254
1
Cardiac Output
255
6
Blood Vessels
261
26
Classification and Structure of Blood Vessels
262
2
Arteries
262
1
Capillaries
263
1
Veins
263
1
Physiology of Circulation
264
7
Role of the Capillaries
264
2
Blood Flow
266
2
Pulse and Blood Pressure
268
3
Circulatory Pathways
271
16
Pulmonary Circuit
271
1
Systemic Circuit
271
11
Fetal Circulation
282
5
Lymphatic System and Body Defense
287
18
Functions of the Lymphatic System
288
1
Components of the Lymphatic System
288
4
Lymph
288
1
Lymphatic Vessels
288
1
Lymphatic Organs
289
3
Resistance to Disease
292
13
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
292
4
Specific Defense Mechanisms
296
3
Acquired Immunity
299
6
Respiratory System
305
22
Functions and Overview of Respiration
306
1
Ventilation
306
8
Conducting Passages
306
5
Mechanics of Ventilation
311
2
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
313
1
Basic Gas Laws and Respiration
314
2
Properties of Gases
314
1
External Respiration
315
1
Internal Respiration
315
1
Transport of Gases
316
3
Oxygen Transport
316
1
Carbon Dioxide Transport
317
2
Regulation of Respiration
319
8
Respiratory Center
319
1
Factors that Influence Breathing
319
3
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
322
5
Digestive System
327
24
Functions of the Digestive System
328
1
General Structure of the Digestive Tract
329
1
Regions of the Digestive Tract
330
10
Mouth
330
3
Pharynx
333
1
Esophagus
333
1
Stomach
334
3
Small Intestine
337
1
Large Intestine
338
2
Accessory Organs of the Digestive System
340
4
Liver
340
2
Gallbladder
342
1
Pancreas
343
1
Chemical Digestion
344
1
Carbohydrate Digestion
344
1
Protein Digestion
345
1
Lipid Digestion
345
1
Absorption
345
6
Metabolism and Nutrition
351
20
Metabolism of Absorbed Nutrients
352
7
Anabolism
353
1
Catabolism
354
1
Energy from Foods
354
3
Uses for Energy
357
2
Basic Elements of Nutrition
359
6
Carbohydrates
360
1
Proteins
360
1
Proteins
360
2
Lipids
362
2
Vitamins
364
1
Minerals
365
6
Water
365
1
Body Temperature
365
1
Heat Production
365
1
Heat Loss
365
1
Temperature Regulation
366
5
Urinary System and Body Fluids
371
20
Functions of the Urinary System
372
1
Components of the Urinary System
372
6
Kidneys
372
3
Ureters
375
2
Urinary Bladder
377
1
Urethra
377
1
Urine Formation
378
4
Glomerular Filtration
378
1
Tubular Reabsorption
378
2
Tubular Secretion
380
1
Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
380
1
Micturition
381
1
Characteristics of Urine
382
1
Physical Characteristics
382
1
Chemical Composition
382
1
Abnormal Constituents
382
1
Body Fluids
383
8
Fluid Compartments
383
1
Intake and Output of Fluid
383
1
Electrolyte Balance
384
1
Acid-Base Balance
384
7
Reproductive System
391
24
Male Reproductive System
392
8
Testes
392
2
Duct System
394
2
Accessory Glands
396
1
Penis
397
1
Male Sexual Response
398
1
Hormonal Control
398
2
Female Reproductive System
400
15
Ovaries
400
3
Genital Tract
403
1
External Genitalia
404
1
Female Sexual Response
405
1
Hormonal Control
405
3
Mammary Glands
408
7
Development
415
15
Fertilization
416
1
Preembryonic Period
417
2
Cleavage
417
1
Implantation
418
1
Formation of Primary Germ Layers
419
1
Embryonic Development
419
3
Formation of Extraembryonic Membranes
420
1
Formation of a Placenta
421
1
Organogenesis
422
1
Fetal Development
422
2
Parturition and Lactation
424
3
Labor and Delivery
424
1
Adjustments of the Baby at Birth
425
1
Physiology of Location
426
1
Postnatal Development
427
3
Neonatal Period
427
1
Infancy
427
1
Childhood
427
1
Adolescence
427
1
Adulthood
427
1
Senescence
427
3
Glossary
430
25
Index
455